συντρίβω

I break by crushing

Definition

The verb συντρίβω means to break by crushing, shatter, or smash into pieces. It often describes the complete destruction of physical objects, like the shattering of a clay jar (Mark 14:3) or the breaking of bones (John 19:36). In a metaphorical sense, it can refer to the crushing of spiritual opposition or the breaking of a person's spirit, as seen in the prophecy about the serpent's head being crushed (Romans 16:20) and the description of a bruised reed (Matthew 12:20). The word conveys a sense of forceful, total, and often violent breaking.

Biblical Usage

Sυντρίβω is used eight times in the New Testament across Gospels, an Epistle, and Revelation. It describes literal, physical breaking in most instances: breaking chains (Mark 5:4), a jar (Mark 14:3), or bones (John 19:36). It is used metaphorically in prophetic or spiritual contexts: Isaiah's prophecy of release for the oppressed (Luke 4:18), the Messiah's gentle care for the weak (Matthew 12:20), and the divine shattering of enemies (Romans 16:20; Revelation 2:27).

Etymology

Derived from the preposition σύν (syn, meaning 'with' or 'together') and the verb τρίβω (tribō, meaning 'I rub' or 'I wear down'). The compound form intensifies the root meaning to 'rub or crush together,' hence 'shatter' or 'break in pieces.' This construction emphasizes a thorough, crushing action.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it appears in key messianic and eschatological prophecies. In Romans 16:20, it describes God crushing Satan under the feet of believers, echoing the proto-evangelium of Genesis 3:15. In Revelation 2:27, it depicts the Messiah's rule with an iron scepter, shattering the nations (from Psalm 2:9). Its use in Luke 4:18 (quoting Isaiah 61:1) connects Jesus' mission to liberate the oppressed. Understanding this Greek term enriches the imagery of total, decisive victory over evil and brokenness.

In a culture where pottery was ubiquitous and fragile, the shattering of a clay jar (Mark 14:3) was a vivid, irreversible image of total loss. The breaking of bones was considered a particularly grievous form of physical violation and dishonor, making its prohibition in John 19:36 (from Exodus 12:46) symbolically potent. The metaphor of crushing an enemy's head (Romans 16:20) draws on ancient Near Eastern imagery of ultimate conquest.

θραύω (thrauō, G2352) — to break, often of smaller or less violent breaking (e.g., a branch). ῥήγνυμι (rhēgnymi, G4486) — to tear, burst, or break open with force, often implying a rupture (e.g., wineskins).

Word Details

Scripture References