θάλασσα

the sea, lake

Definition

θάλασσα primarily means 'the sea' or 'a large body of water,' often referring to the Mediterranean Sea as a defining geographical feature of the biblical world (Acts 10:6). It can also denote specific inland lakes, most notably the Sea of Galilee (also called the Sea of Tiberias), which is the setting for many of Jesus' miracles (Matthew 4:18, Mark 4:39). In apocalyptic literature, the sea sometimes symbolizes chaos, disorder, or the abode of evil forces, as seen in Revelation 13:1 and 21:1, where its ultimate absence signifies the new creation's perfection.

Biblical Usage

The word is used 82 times in the New Testament, appearing most frequently in the Gospels (especially Matthew, Mark, and John) and Acts, reflecting the importance of sea travel and fishing in the narratives. It describes literal bodies of water where events occur, such as Jesus calming the storm (Matthew 8:24-27) or walking on water (Matthew 14:25). In Revelation, its usage becomes symbolic, representing the chaotic, pre-creation state or the source of evil (Revelation 13:1).

Etymology

The word θάλασσα is of ancient Greek origin, with no certain derivation from a simpler root. It is the standard classical and Koine Greek term for 'sea.' Some scholars suggest a possible pre-Greek or Mediterranean substrate origin. Cognates appear in other Indo-European languages, but its primary development is within Greek itself as the fundamental term for a large saltwater body.

Semantic Range

θάλασσα carries significant theological weight. In the Gospels, it is a stage for Jesus' displays of divine authority over creation (e.g., calming the storm in Mark 4:39). In biblical symbolism, the sea often represents the chaotic, untamed forces opposed to God's order, echoing Old Testament themes (Psalm 107:23-30). Its final abolition in Revelation 21:1 is a powerful image of God's ultimate victory over all chaos and evil, making the new heaven and new earth a place of perfect peace and stability.

For the ancient Israelites and people of the New Testament world, the sea (especially the Mediterranean) was a source of livelihood (fishing, trade) but also a place of great danger and mystery, often associated with chaos and fear. This contrasts with modern views of the sea for recreation or as a controlled travel route. Inland seas like the Sea of Galilee were central to the economy and daily life of Galilean communities.

πέλαγος (pelagos, G3989) — a deeper part of the sea, the open or high sea; used less frequently (Acts 27:5). λίμνη (limnē, G3041) — typically a freshwater lake or pool; used for the 'lake' of fire (Revelation 19:20) and the Sea of Galilee in Luke 5:1-2.

Word Details

Scripture References