θρέμμα

cattle

Definition

θρέμμα (thremma) is a neuter noun that literally means 'that which is reared or nourished,' referring to a nursling or domesticated animal. In its singular form, it can denote a single head of livestock, but it is most naturally understood in the plural as a collective term for 'cattle' or 'herds.' In the New Testament, its only occurrence is in John 4:12, where it is used by the Samaritan woman at the well to refer to the livestock belonging to the patriarch Jacob. The context implies valuable, domesticated animals that are part of a family's wealth and sustenance.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in John 4:12. It appears in a historical comparison made by the Samaritan woman, who references the tradition that Jacob gave the well to his son Joseph and that 'his sons and his cattle' drank from it. The usage is straightforward, denoting the livestock possessed by a patriarchal family. It serves to contrast the supposed historical provision of Jacob with the greater spiritual provision Jesus offers.

Etymology

Derived from the verb τρέφω (trephō, G5142), meaning 'to nourish, rear, or bring up.' θρέμμα is a noun formed from this root, literally meaning 'a thing that is nourished.' This etymology highlights the word's core sense of domesticated animals that are cared for and raised by humans, as opposed to wild beasts.

Semantic Range

While the word itself is mundane, its single biblical use in John 4:12 provides a subtle theological contrast. The woman speaks of physical water sustaining physical livestock (θρέμμα), which are temporal possessions. Jesus uses this reference to pivot the conversation toward the 'living water' he provides, which gives eternal life. Thus, understanding θρέμμα as valuable but temporary earthly provision enriches the contrast with the permanent, spiritual sustenance Christ offers.

In the ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman world, livestock like cattle, sheep, and goats were a primary measure of wealth and a crucial source of food, clothing, and labor. A large herd (θρέμμα) signified prosperity, stability, and God's blessing, as seen in the patriarchal narratives. The Samaritan woman's reference connects Jesus to this tangible symbol of ancestral blessing and provision.

κτήνη (ktēnē, G2934) — A more common general term for livestock or beasts of burden. πρόβατα (probata, G4263) — Specifically refers to sheep or smaller livestock. βοῦς (bous, G1016) — Specifically refers to an ox or cow.

Word Details

Scripture References