τρόμος

a trembling

Definition

Τρόμος refers to a physical trembling or shaking, often caused by fear, awe, or profound emotional disturbance. In the New Testament, it primarily describes the human response to encountering divine power or authority, such as the women's reaction at the empty tomb (Mark 16:8) or a believer's attitude in serving God (Ephesians 6:5). It can also denote the anxiety felt in human weakness, as when Paul preached in Corinth 'in weakness and fear, and in much trembling' (1 Corinthians 2:3). This trembling is not merely terror but can signify a reverent, sober awareness of God's presence and work.

Biblical Usage

Τρόμος appears five times, always in contexts involving a human response to spiritual reality. It is used in narratives (Mark 16:8), personal testimony (1 Corinthians 2:3; 2 Corinthians 7:15), and ethical exhortation (Ephesians 6:5; Philippians 2:12). A pattern emerges: it describes the proper posture before God—whether in worship, service, or obedience—combining reverence with a tangible sense of awe. For example, Philippians 2:12 commands working out salvation 'with fear and trembling,' indicating earnest, humble diligence.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb τρέμω (tremō), meaning 'to tremble, to quake.' It is an onomatopoeic word, imitating the sound or sensation of shaking. Cognates include τρόμος itself and the English word 'tremor.' The meaning consistently centers on physical shaking induced by strong emotion, especially fear or awe.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures the appropriate human response to God's holiness and power. It underscores that genuine faith involves both reverence and humble submission, not casual familiarity. Understanding τρόμος enriches reading by highlighting that 'fear and trembling' (as in Philippians 2:12) is not about paralyzing terror but about awe-filled, careful obedience in light of God's working. It relates to the doctrine of God's transcendence and the believer's sanctification.

In the Greco-Roman world, trembling before a deity was a recognized sign of piety and recognition of superior power. Unlike modern individualism, such a physical display was seen as a natural, even expected, reaction to the divine. The New Testament usage aligns with this, portraying τρόμος as a legitimate and commendable response to God's actions and presence.

φόβος (phobos, G5401) — a broader term for fear, alarm, or reverence, often paired with τρόμος (e.g., Philippians 2:12). δειλία (deilia, G1167) — cowardice or timidity, a negative fear lacking the reverential aspect of τρόμος. ἔκστασις (ekstasis, G1611) — amazement or astonishment, focusing more on mental displacement than physical trembling.

Word Details

Scripture References