τυρβάζω

I agitate or disturb in mind

Definition

The verb τυρβάζω means to be troubled, agitated, or disturbed in mind. It describes a state of inner turmoil, anxiety, or distraction, often caused by external pressures or worries. In its single New Testament occurrence in Luke 10:41, Jesus uses it to address Martha, who is 'worried and troubled about many things,' contrasting her anxious activity with Mary's focused attention. The word emphasizes a mental and emotional disturbance that hinders one's peace and priorities.

Biblical Usage

Τυρβάζω is used only once in the New Testament, in Luke 10:41. In this narrative context, Jesus speaks to Martha, who is busy with household preparations, and tells her, 'Martha, Martha, you are worried and troubled about many things.' The word captures her state of being inwardly agitated and distracted by her many tasks, which prevents her from the 'good part' chosen by her sister Mary—sitting at Jesus' feet. This singular usage highlights a contrast between anxious service and peaceful devotion.

Etymology

Τυρβάζω is derived from the Greek noun τυρβή (tyrbē), meaning 'tumult,' 'uproar,' or 'disturbance.' The verb form thus carries the sense of being in a state of commotion or turmoil. It is related to the idea of a crowd in disorder or a troubled sea, metaphorically applied to the human mind. Cognates in classical Greek literature often describe physical tumult, but the New Testament usage internalizes this to mean mental agitation.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it illustrates Jesus' concern for the inner life and priorities of his followers. In Luke 10:41-42, Jesus identifies τυρβάζω—being 'troubled'—as a spiritual distraction that can pull believers away from essential devotion and hearing his word. It underscores the biblical theme that peace and single-minded focus on Christ (Colossians 3:15, Philippians 4:6-7) are antidotes to life's anxieties. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading by highlighting the contrast Jesus draws between human worry and divine priority.

In the ancient Greco-Roman world, managing a household, as Martha was doing, was a culturally valued role for women, involving significant preparation for guests. Jesus' gentle rebuke using τυρβάζω would have been striking, as it challenged the cultural expectation of busy hospitality by elevating spiritual attentiveness above social duties. The word's association with tumult also resonates in a society familiar with political and civic disturbances, making its application to personal anxiety vivid and relatable.

μεριμνάω (merimnaō, G3309) — denotes anxious thought or worry, often about future needs; ταράσσω (tarassō, G5015) — means to stir up, trouble, or disturb, often with a stronger sense of agitation or fear.

Word Details

Scripture References