ζητέω

I seek, search for, desire

Definition

ζητέω primarily means 'to seek' or 'to search for' with earnest effort. It can denote a physical search for a person or thing, as when the Magi seek the child Jesus (Matthew 2:13) or Mary and Joseph search for Him (Luke 2:48-49). In a more abstract sense, it means to desire, strive for, or aim at something, such as seeking God's kingdom and righteousness (Matthew 6:33). It can also carry the nuance of demanding or requiring something, as seen when the Pharisees seek a sign from Jesus (Matthew 12:38).

Biblical Usage

This verb is used 116 times across the New Testament, appearing frequently in the Gospels, Acts, and the Pauline epistles. It often describes seeking God, His kingdom, or spiritual truths (e.g., Matthew 7:7-8; John 4:23). It also depicts searching for people, as in the parables of the lost sheep and coin (Luke 15:1-10). In a negative sense, it can refer to seeking to kill Jesus (John 7:1) or seeking one's own glory (John 5:44). The imperative 'seek' in Matthew 6:33 is a central ethical command.

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek verb ζητέω (zēteō), its root is connected to the idea of inquiry or investigation. Cognates include ζήτησις (zētēsis, 'inquiry') and ζητητής (zētētēs, 'seeker' or 'debater'). The word's core meaning of diligent seeking remained consistent from classical through Koine Greek, though its biblical usage often adds a spiritual or moral dimension.

Semantic Range

ζητέω is theologically significant as it frames humanity's fundamental posture toward God. The command to 'seek first the kingdom of God' (Matthew 6:33) establishes divine priority in the disciple's life. It also describes God's initiative, as in the Father seeking true worshipers (John 4:23). The promise that those who seek will find (Matthew 7:7-8) underscores God's responsiveness to genuine spiritual pursuit. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting the active, persistent nature of faith and devotion.

In the Greco-Roman world, ζητέω was used in philosophical contexts for the pursuit of truth and wisdom. This cultural backdrop informs its New Testament usage, where seeking is often redirected toward the divine revelation in Christ. Unlike a casual modern 'looking for,' the term implied sustained effort and purpose.

ἐπερωτάω (eperōtaō, G1905) — to ask or inquire, often in dialogue. ἐκζητέω (ekzēteō, G1567) — to seek out diligently or earnestly. ζηλόω (zēloō, G2206) — to be zealous or eager for, with a stronger emotional intensity.

Word Details

Scripture References