זוּל
probably to shake out, i.e. (by implication) to scatter profusely; figuratively, to treat lightly
Definition
The Hebrew word זוּל (zûwl) conveys the idea of scattering or pouring out something in a wasteful or contemptuous manner. In its literal sense, it means to shake out or lavish, as seen in Isaiah 46:6, where people are described as lavishing gold from their purses to create an idol. Figuratively, it means to treat something as worthless or to despise, as in Lamentations 1:8, where Jerusalem's enemies despise her because she has become unclean. The word thus bridges physical extravagance and moral contempt.
Biblical Usage
This word is used only twice in the Old Testament, in two distinct contexts. In Isaiah 46:6, it describes the physical act of lavishing or pouring out wealth in the futile worship of idols. In Lamentations 1:8, it is used metaphorically to describe how Jerusalem's enemies treat her with contempt and scorn because of her sin and downfall. Both uses imply a sense of wastefulness and disrespect.
Etymology
זוּל (zûwl) is a primitive root. It is related to זָלַל (zâlal, H2151), which means to be worthless or to squander. This connection suggests a core idea of treating something as having little value, whether by scattering it physically or by holding it in low esteem.
Semantic Range
This word is theologically significant as it highlights human folly in two key areas: idolatry and judgment. In Isaiah 46:6, it exposes the absurdity of idolatry, where precious resources are wastefully lavished on man-made objects instead of on the true God. In Lamentations 1:8, it illustrates the severe consequences of sin, resulting in God's people being treated with contempt. Understanding this Hebrew term enriches the reader's grasp of the profound disconnect between valuing created things and honoring the Creator, as well as the serious repercussions of covenant unfaithfulness.
In the ancient Near Eastern context, lavishing gold and silver for idol-making was a common religious practice, making Isaiah's critique culturally pointed. The act of 'despising' in Lamentations reflects the deep shame and loss of honor (a central cultural value) experienced by a conquered city, moving beyond mere dislike to a public, degrading contempt.
בָּזָה (bâzâh, H959) — a more common verb for 'to despise' or 'hold in contempt,' often with a moral or relational focus. זָלַל (zâlal, H2151) — to be worthless, shake, or squander; shares the core idea of treating as having little value.
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
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