Andrew (Hastings' Dictionary)

The first-called apostle, brother of Simon Peter : their father's name was Jonas or John, an( their native city was Bethsaida of Galilee. TUeir mother's name is traditionally Joanna. Name. — The name Andreas ('kvipia^) is Greek. It is usually believed to occur first in Herodotus (vi. 126), where it is the name of the great-grand- father of Cleisthenes of Sicyon. It occurs also in Dio Cassius (Ixviii. 32), in the form 'AvSpelat, as the name of a rebel Jew in Crete in Trajan's reign.

There are other instances of the name, but it is not very common. ReferfjNCES to him in NT. — In the Synoptists the call of Peter and A. while they were fishmg is narrated by Mt 4'"^ and Mk l'"'^. It took place at the Sea of Galilee. The narrative in no way implies that this was their first meeting with the Lord. The name of A. next occurs in Mk 1^, where Jesus enters the house of Simon and A. and heals the mother-in-law of Peter. Next in the li.

st of the Twelve, where Mt and Lk place liim after Peter and before James and John, while Mk's order is Peter, James and John, Andrew. In Mk 13' he is coupled with Peter, James, and John in the question put to our Lord about the time of the End. His name does not elsewhere occur in the Synoptists. In St. John's Gospel he is much more prominent. In ch.l A. is a disciple of John the Baptist. He hears the words, ' Behold the Lamb ot God," follows Christ, and spends a day with Him.

He then brings his brother Peter to Christ, and may probably have had to do also with the ANDREW ANGEL 9c call of I'hilip, wlio was of the same city. In ch. 6 it ia A. who volunteers information aliout the lad with the loaves and lishes, on the occasion of the feedinK of tlie five thousand. In ch. 12 the Greeks who desire to see Jesus apply to Philip ; I'hilip tells A. ; and the two tell Jesus. In Ac 1 A.

occurs for the last time, in the list of the apostles, follow- ing James and John, and preceding Philip (as in St. Mark). Subsequent Traditions.— In the 2nd cent. A. was the hero of one of the romances attributed to Leucius, a Docetic writer. We have a fairly comprehensive abridgment of this book in the Miracula Andreae of Gregory of Tours, besides some episodes and fragments of the original Gr., in part yet unedited.

The fullest discussion of the literature is in Lipsius, Apokryphen Apostel- gesrhichten (i. 543-622) : see also Bonnet's ed. of some late Gr. Encomia, ba.sed on the Leucian Acts, in Analecta Bollandiana (xiii., and separately). Briefly summuifled, the literature consists of : — (1) Acta Ajuirfoeet Matthaf\{OT ilatthiae),^. by Tischendorf , Act. Apost. Apocr. Matthew or Matthias is a captive in the land of the Anthropopha(;ri. Christ sends A.

to rescue him : and then assumes the t^ise of a seaman and takes A. and hia disciples (who seem to be Alexander and Rufus) to the country in question. Uatthew is rescued, and A. is tormented by the savage natives for several da^-s. He then causes a flood to overwhelm the city ; the result ia a general conversion. The most interesting part of the story is perhaps the account of a miracle done by our Lord, which A. narrates during the voyage. We have this legend in Ethiopic, Syriac, and .

^nglo-Saxon : the last-named is a poetical version by Cyncwulf, the NorthumbriaD poet, preserved in the famous Vercelli Codex. (2) Acta i^etri et Andreas, ed. Tischendorf in Apocalypse* Apocryphae. Imperfect in Gr. ; extant (as Acts of St. Jude) in Ethiopic, and complete in Old Slavonic. It contains a realisa- tion of our Lord's saying' about the camel passing through a needle's eye. It is exceedingly doubtful whether this belonged to the original I^eucian novel.

(3) Miracula Andreae, by Gregory of Tours, ed. Bonnet, in the 2nd vol. of Grepcry's works in the ilanumenta Germaniae Bittorica. This must be coupled with the Or. Encomia, wliich cover much the same ground. The scene of A.'s preaching is laid in the land of the Anthro- pophagi (Mymiidonia), then in Amasea, Siiiope, Nica^a, Nico- media, Byzantium, Thrace, Macedonia, and Patne iu Achaia, where the martyniom takes place. The traditions of the martyrdom at Patrv are fairly con- stant. A.

is crucified by the proK^onsul Aegeas or Aegeates, because by his preaching he has induced the pro-consul's \*'ife Maximilla to leave her husband. Until recently the best authority for the martyrdom was taken to be a certain Epistle of the priests and deacons of Achaia, first published by Wuog In 1740, and then b^' Tischendorf. However, M. ilax Bonnet has proved in an article in the Byzantinigche Zeilnchryft (1H94) that this is a tr. from Lat. into Or.

The nearest aitproach which we as yet possess to the Gr. original is in the Miracula and Encomia, coupled with some quola'.ions made by Augus- tine and others. 6o much for our knowledge of the Leucian Acta. We iwssess Acts of A. in Coptic (fnii,'nientary) and Ethiopic, some of which couple this apostle with Hartholomew and with Paul. The Acts of A. and Bartholomew seem to be mo<Ielled on those of A. and .Matthew. Those of A.

and Paul, which are incomplete, and exist only in Coptic, give an account of Paul's descent into Ilailes by way of the sea, of his return, and of how a Scarobaeus {iixaifin) was employed by the two apoetles to obtain entrance for them into a city which the Jews had shut against them. The Egyp. Acts of A. assign crucifixion and stoning as the manner of his death. Other traditions mav be mentioned, Origen (ap. Bus. I7E Hi. 1) makes A. preach among the Scythians, that Is, on the Black Sea; cf.

the Leucian Acts. At Sinope an image of A., said to have been made in his lifetime, was long preserved ; and also the seat where he taught, which was of white marble. lie was regarded as the apostle of Byzantium, where be or- dained Stachvs as first bishop. Lipsius l>elieve8 that the legend of the preaching in Achaia arose from a confusion between the Tauric brunch of the Achnans on the E. shore of the Block Sea, and the Achieans In the N. of the Peloponnese. A.

appeara as the author of a gospel condemned in the so- Cfttled Gelasian Decree. No tra<:e of it is to tje found elsew-here. There are references to him in the Clementine Recognitions (i. 56, where he answers the Sadducees ; li. 62 »qq.) He appears as legislator in the "O/w «aJ ««eir, and in the Apost^ilic Con- stitutions. He also figures in the Acts of Polyxcna and Xantbipi^.

His relics were rediscovered In Justinian's time at Constantinoule ; and remained there until 1210, when Cardinal Peter of Capua brought them to Amalfl. They are said to have been brought from Patrae to Constantinople in 3&7 or 868 by Artemlus. His cross, or part of it, is in St. Peter's at Borne, endoaed in one of the four great piers of the dome. The appropriation of the decussate or saltire cross to St. Andrew is of very late date. In the lath cent. (c.ff.

in a statue at Amiens) he commonly holds the upright cross. iJocuments relating to the translation of the arm of St. Andrew into Scotland by St. Regulus (who is variously plaro<l. in the 4th, &th, and 9th cent.) may he seen in the Bollandi^ts under Oct. 17. His festival in the Lat and Or. Churche* is on Nov. 30 ; it occurs in the Lat. Martyriutn, and in the Kalendar of Carthage. LlTKRATCRK. — LIpsius, Bonnet, Tischendorf, U.ce. ; Malan, Conjlictt of the Holy Apotties; von Lenuu, Eopt. Apokr.

Apogtt^lacttn. M. R. James. ANDRONICnS ('Kyipf,riicm).—A. Christian greeted by St. Paul in Ro 16' together with Junias. They are described as being (1) 'kinsmen of St. PaiU,' probably implying 'fellow-countrymen.' The word is used in this sense in Ko 9'. It would be unlikely that so many as are mentiomd in this chapter (vv. '•"•") should be kinsmen in a more literal sense. (2) They are called by St. Paul his ' fellow-prisoners.'

They may have shared with the apostle some unrecorded imprisonment (cf. 2 Ckj ll'^, Clem. Rom. ad Cor. v.), or, like him, been imprisoned for Christ's sake. It is unlikely that the term is used in a metaphorical sense. (3) They were 'distinguished among the apostles,' a phrase which probably means that they were distinguished members of the apostolic body, the word Apostle (which see) being used in its wider sense. (4) Thev were Christians before St.

Paul, so that they belonged to the earliest days of the Christian community. The name is Greek, and like most others in this chapter was borne by members of the imperial household (VIL vi. 5325, 5326, 11,626). It would have been common in the East. (See the Commentaries, ad loc. For later traditions, which add nothing historical, see Acta Sanctorum, May, iv. 4.) A. C. Hkadlam. ANEM (cjv), 1 Ch 6" only.— A town of Issachar, noticed with Ramoth.

It appears to answer to Kngannim (which see) in the pariiUel list (Jos 21^) but might perhaps represent the village of 'Antn on the hills west of the plain of Esdraelon. This place, which is well watered — whence perhaps its name, 'two springs' — is the Anca of the fourth century A. D. {OnoTnasticon, s.v. Anieland lietliana), which had "ood baths, lying 15 Roman miles from Ca;sarea. Eusebius, however, identities this site with Aner. i'lKP vol. ii. sheet viii. C. R. COXDER.