Apollonia (Hastings' Dictionary)

ApoUonia, in Ac 17', a town through which St. Paul passed, after leaving Anipliipolis, on his way to Thessalonica. It was an inland Gra;co-Macedonian town in the district of Mygdonia, distant from Am|iliipolis a day's journey (Liv. xlv. 28) or about 30 miles, and from Thessalonica about 38 miles. It lay not far from the Lake Bolbe, and the Via Egnatia pa.sscd through it. Little ia known of its history. Its name (so common as to be represented bv 33 entries in Pauly-Wias.

RE, three in Mnci'donia itself, while the most important was A. in lllyri;i) seems preserved in the modern Pnllinn (Ltake, A'.G. iii. 458). William P. Dickso.n. APOLLONIUS fAroXXiiriot). — Apollonius, a personal name of frequent occurrence (under which 129 entries appear in Pauly-Wiiis. RE), is bornu by several persons mentioned in 1 and 2 Mac. 1. The first, in the apparent order of time, is described (2 Mac 3°) as son of Thras.

-eue (or 124 APOLLONIUS APOLLOS Thraseaa ; — the RV notes the text as probably corrupt, and uuggests, as perhaps the true reading, 'Apollonius of 'larsus'), and governor ((rrpaTj^yis) of Coile-Syria and Phcenice under Seleucus IV. Philopator (B.C. 187-175).

One Simon, designated as governor (RV guardian) of the temple (2 Mac 3* TpoaTdrris), having had dift'erences with the high- priest Onias concerning ' market-administration ' (dyopafofdat seems preferable to the common reading rapavofiias), took his revenge by suggest- ing to Apollonius that the temple at Jerus. con- tamed untold treasures, which might tempt the king's cupidity. A.

conveyed the suggestion to Seleucus, and induced him to send Heliodorus his chancellor (RV ; not 'treasurer,' AV), to Jerus. to plunder the temple. The devices of Heliodorus, the consternation occasioned by his purpose, and the apparition by which it was baffled, are narrated in 2 Alac 3. In 4 Mac 4''^* the attempt is presented as the act of A. himself, and not of Heliodorus. 2. At 2 Mac 4"' an A.

, son of Menestheus, appears, sent by Antiochus Epiphanes as envoy to Egypt on occasion of the ' enthroning ' (which seems the best interpretation of irpaToicXlata or irporro/tXTjirio, literally the first 'sitting on,' or formal ' call to ' the throne) of Ptolemy Philometor (in B.C. 173). He may not improbably be the same A. who is mentioned by Livy (xlii. 6) as having headed an embassy sent by Antiochus to Rome. 3. At 2 Mac 5^'^ we find an A. sent by Antiochus Epiphanes (in B.C.

166), with an army of 22,000 men, to Judcea, under orders to slay all tliat were of age for military service, and to sell the ■women and children. Coming to Jerus. under pre- text of peace, he took advantage of the Sabbath, when the Jews were keeping their day of rest, to massacre ' great multitudes.'

He is characterised as that detestable ringleader ' (RV ' lord of pollutions ' ; tivadpxVt not occurring elsewhere, possibly 'ruler of the Mysians,' but probably ' leader in foul deeds '), while the use of the article seems to point to one previously mentioned, and so suggests nis identity with the ' governor of Ccele- Syria' (in ch. 3» and 4: No. 1 above).

The interval of nine years leaves this at least doubtful ; but there is less reason to question his identity with the person not named but described at 1 Mac 1^ as 'chief collector of tribute' sent by the Hellenizing king to carry out his policy of destruction. Jos. {Ant. XII. vii. 1) designates him as commandant {erpaTTTyis) of Samaria (apparently = provincial governor, iiepiSipxv^t XII. v. 5), and records his sub- sequent fall, in conflict with Judas Maccabsus, as does also 1 Mac 3>»-". 4.

At 2 Mac 12' A., ' son of Gennsns,' appears as one of the local commandants who, notwith- standing the covenant that the Jews should have rest and leave to observe their own laws, continued to vex them, and to countenance such attacks on their liberties as the treacherous massacre at Joppa, which Judas hastened to avenge. Nothing more is known of him.

The patronymic 'son of Gennaens' distinguishes him from (1) the son of Thrasffius and (2) the son of Menestheus ; and the suggestion of Winer {EWB t.v., following Luther's rendering edlen), that Ttyyalov might be taken as an adjective,' the well-bom,' used ironically (presumably of the latter), is highly improbable ; for, as Grimm remarks, the irony would be too covert, and Gennaeus occurs elsewhere as a proper name (Pape, t.v.) 6. When Demetrins II.

Nikator came forward to claim his father's crown in rivalry to Alexander Balas (about B.C. 148), we learn from 1 Mac. 10""** that he appointed {KarioTyiaep) A., who was over Coele-Syria ; who gathered a great force, challenged Jonathan the high priest as a supporter of Balas, bat, after a series of successful manceuvres on the part of Jonathan with the support of his brothei Simon, was defeated in battle at Azotus (B.C. 147).

From the mode of expression, he would seem to have been previously governor under Balas, and won over by Demetrius ; which is the more prob- able, if he is to be identified with the A. mentioned by Polybius (xxxL 19. 6 and 21. 2) as the aivTpa<pm (foster-brother) and confidant of the elder Demetrius, who shared in the plot for his escape from Rome, and may readily have sympathised with the claims of the younger, when he came to assert them. Jos. (Ant. XIU. iv. 3) calls him a Daian, i.e.

one of the Dai or Dahae near the Caspian Sea, and speaks as though he fought against Jonathan in the interest of Balas ; but this, as Grimm (in loc.) shows, is much less probable. The circumstance that the A. of Polybius had two brothers, Meleager and Menestheus (xxxi. 21. 2), is a somewhat slender ground for assuming relation- ship to the son of Menestheus (No. 3 above). William P. Dickson. APOLLOPHANES ('AiroXXo^d.'ijs, 2 Mac Iff"), a Syrian killed at the taking of Gazara by Judas Maccabeus.

This Gazara is not the well-known town in the Shephelah, near to Nicopolis and Ekron ; probably it should be identified with Jazer on the farther side of Jordan, in the Ammonite country (so Rawlinson). See 1 Mac 5*. H. A. White.