Ariel (Hastings' Dictionary)

1. The name of one of Ezra's ' chief men,' Ezr 8". It doubtless signifies here ' lion of God.' 2. The name, in UV (so LX.X and mo.st modems), of a Moabite who.se two sons were slain by Benaiah, one of David's mighty men, 2 S 23",t 1 Ch ll" (LXX, in later passage, has roi'u Svo api-qX). 3. A name, in Is 29'''-' (four times), for Jerusalem. The original meaning is quite uncertain. It may be (see UVm) either (1) ' lion (or lione.ss) of God,' so, among others, Ewald, Cheyne (Vomm.), Dillm.; or (2) 'hearth of (iod,' so the Targum, Del., Orclli, W. R. Smith {OTJC p. 3.'j(i), Konig {Lehrgcb. d. Heb. Spr. ii. 1, p. 410). The latter seems the more probable, in view of ""K-iK (God's hearth = altar, RV 'altar hearth'), F'zk 43", and Skhk with the same signification on the stele of Mcsha (1. 12). Duhm (C'i>m;n. in loc.) takes ^ as a formative letter, and suggests aryal as original form (=Bacrificial hearth). Cheyne {In- trod, to Is. p. 187, n.) now favours this, and writes Arial. A. R. S. KEN.NliUV. ARIMATH/EA {' KpipM-Balu), Mt 27»'-». — The situation ol this place is not indicated. In the Vnomnjstiron {s.v. Ariiialhcm-Sophim) it is identi- fied with Kamathaiin-zo|ihim (I S I'i, and placed near Thamna and Lj-dda. The village liantieh •The Ornim. (p. 216) lilenlifles 'An'6 with a village "E^, 15 miles W. of Geraita, which may well l>e cr-UuJ^b, on the W. Rujf'li, at Just that distance from Uerasa ; but this is clearly too far south for the Argoh in lt.ishan. t AV has 'two linn-like men of Moab.' For other suggested emendations, sec Klostennann's Cotnm. in loe., whose tti.:fnM>ui i-oiijfKture has been acccpte<l by liutide (in Ilaujit's lliUe) Sayco, AtAmaum, Oct », 1886 ; and W. R. Smith ■'-, , As 408. 148 AEIOCH ARK OF NOAH eeem8 intended, but the various traditions disagnio and have no value. See SWP vol. ii. sheet xiv. See also Akumah. C. R. Conder. ARIOCH {f'-\V). — 1. Amoch was the vassal-king of EUasar, under the Elamite king Cliedur-laonier, when the latter invaded Canaan in the time of Abraham (Gn 14'). The name has buen found In the cuneiform inscriptions of Babylonia. When the country was still divided into more than one kingdom, Eri-Aku, ' the servant of the moon-god,' was king of Larsa (now Senkereh, between the Tigris and Euphrates in the south of Babylonia, a little east of Erech). Larsa is evi- dently the biblical Ellasar. The name of Eri-Aku was transformed by his Sem. subjects into Kim- Sin (pron. Riv-Sin, whence the i of Arioch), and ex- plained as a Sem. compound, like the names of other Bab. kings of the period. He was the son of an Elamite, Kudur-Mabug, who is called ' the father of the land of the Aniorites' or Syria, and the son of Simti-silkhak. Inscribed bricks of his exist, as well as contracts drawn up during his reign. In his inscriptions he calls himself ' the shepherd of the possessions of Nippur, the executor of tiie oracle of tne holy tree of Endu, the shepherd of Ur, the king of Larsa, and the king of Sumer and Accad,' and in one of them he mentions his conquest of 'the ancient city of Erech.' He was attacked by Khammurabi, king of Babylon, and in spite of the assistance furnished by tlie Elamites was defeated and overthrown. Khammurabi an- nexed his kingdom, and from henceforth Babylonia became a sinjrle monarchy, with Babylon as its capital. Mr. TPinches has lately found a tablet, belonging, however, to a late period, in wliich mention is made of Eri-Aku, Tudlchula or Tidal , the son of Gazza (ni ?), and Kudur-Laganiar, the Chedor- laomer of Genesis. 2. The ' captain of the king's guard ' in the time of Nebuchadrezzar, according to Dn 2''™. The name, however, was Sumerian, and not used at that period of Bab. Iiistory. It has been taken from Gn 14. 3. King of ' the Elymasans' or Elam, ace. to Jth 1". Tlie name has been borrowed from Gn 14', wliere it stands beside that of Chedor-laomer, king of Elam. A. H. Savce. ARISAI ('C-!.^ Est 9'), the eighth son of Haman, put to death by the Jews. The LXX has 'Apjaws, m the ninth place. H. A. White. ARISTARCHUS ('ApfijTopxos), the devoted fellow, labourer of St. Paul, was a native of Thessalonica (Ac 20 27"). He is first mentioned as having been seized along with Gains during the great riot at Ephesus. He accompanied St. Paul from Troas on his last journey to Jerusalem (Ac 20), and thereafter on his passage to Rome (Ac 27'). He was with St. Paul at Rome when he wrote the Ejiistles to the Colossians and to Philemon (Col 4'», Philem «). It has been suggested that he shared St. Paul's im- prisonment voluntarily, and that he and Epapliras (cf. Col 4'°, Philem^) may have participated in the apostle's bonds alternately. The word used by St. Paul in these passages (o-woix/uiXiirroi) has led to the further suggestion that the reference is to spiritual captivity, that in common witli the apostle they were held captive by Christ ; but that is not likely. Tradition affirms that Aris- tarchua suiTered martyrdom in Rome under Nero. W. MuiK. ARIST0BOLU8 {'Api(rr6pov\ot).—i. Amongst the list of persons greeted by St. Paul at the end of the Epistle to the Romans (16") are certain called Toiis Ik tCiu ' Api<rTo^o(i\ov, ' members of the household • But see Winckler, Emh'mrh. Bihliot. Bd. iii. 1 Halfte, 92fl. ; Schrider, COT^, U. SOI, CrU. Rev. Apr. 1S94, p. 128. of Aristobulus.' The following is the explanation of this phra.se given by Bishop Lightfoot. A., son of the elder A. and Berenice, grandson of Herod and brother of Agrippal. (see Herod), lived and died a private man, was a friend of the Emperor Claudius, and apparently a resident in Rome. It is suggested that the ' household ' of A. were his slaves, who after his death, which must have taken place before this time, had become the property of the emperor, probably by legacy. We Know that in other cases members of households which became the property of the emperor, retained their name. We find Maecenatiani (OIL vi. 4016, 4032), Amyntiani (ib. 4035, cf. 8738), Agrippiani, Germaniciani. So, too, there might be Aristobuliani, and this would be trans- lated ol 'Apio-To/Soi/Xou. This household would pre- sumably contain many Jews and other Orientals, and would therefore be a natural place in which to find Christians. The name Herodion following, was that of a Jew, and suggests a member of the Herod family. See Herodion, Narcissus. LiTKHATURB.— Lightfoot, PhUippiant, p. 172; Sanday and Headlain, Roviaiis, p. 425, For later traditions, which have little value, see Ada Sanctorum, March, ii. 374. 2. Ptolemy's teacher, 2 Mac 1". A. C. Headlam. ARIUS ('ApT,5, 1 Mac 12'- >), a king of Sparta In V.' the name appears in the corrupt form ol Aapeios ; in v.*' many MSS read 'Oi-iiipj/s or 'Ov(Lafn)i, a form produced by the combination of 'OkI? 'Aprjt (so V." in AV Oniares); but x ' 'OnoopTjj, Vet. Lat. Arius ; in Jos. Ant. XIII. v. 8, the reading varies between 'Apfiaos and 'kptit, the latter bemg the more correct form. The person referred to ia Areus I., the grandson and successor of Cleo- menes II., who was king of Sparta from 309 B C. to 265 B.C., and was contemporary with the high priest Onias I., the successor of Jaddua. The Spartans were at that time engaged in a struggle against Antigonus and his son Demetrius Polior- cetes, and they probably hoped to create difficulties for their opponent by raising disturbances in the East. Friendly letters were interchanged between Areus and Onias (probably about 300 B.C.); and Jonathan Maccabreus refers to these communica- tions in a letter which he sent by his ambassadors to Sparta (about 144 B.C.), 1 Mac 12'«-'»''-. Cf. Schurer, HJP I. i. 250 f. H. A. White.