Code of hammurabi (Hastings' Dictionary)

I. History anp ANALYSIS. i. DISCOVERY OF THE CODE. fi. LITERATURE CALLED FORTH BY THE DISCOVERY. 1. Editio princeps of the Code. ’ 2. Versions and notices. fii. IMPORTANCE OF THE INSCRIPTION. {v. YAMMURABIS LIFE AND REIGN. 1. The sources. 2. Hammurabi’s genealogy. 3. ae nationality. 4, AS name. 6. ay date, and the date of the monu- ment. Is Hammurabi the Amraphel of Gn 14? 6. Principal events of Hammurabi’s reign. 7. Hammurabi’s letters. 8.

Character of Hammurabi, and view of the mon- archy disclosed in the Code and the letters. 9. Extent of Hammurabi’s empire. v. SOCIAL GRADES RECOGNIZED IN THE CODE. 1. The aristocrat. 2. The commoner. 8. The slave. vi. CLASS LEGISLATION A FEATURE OF THE CODE. 1. Feudal landowners: (a) ‘levy-masters,’ (b) ‘con- stables,’ (c) ‘ renters.’ 2. Votaries. 8. Palace warders. 4. Beer-sellers. 6. Doctors, veterinary surgeons, branders. 6. Builders and boatmen. vil. AGRICULTURE. 1, Systems of land tenure.

2. Agricultural loans. 8. Irrigation. 4. Wages and hire. 5. Flocks and herds. viii. SHIPPING, AND TRADE AND COMMERCE. 1. The shipping trade. 2. Commerce. 8. Interest. 4. Debt and distraint. 5. Sales. 6. Hire. ix. T'HE TEMPLE. x. JUSTICE. 1. Procedure. 2. Judges. 8. Witnesses. 4. Parties. 6. Penalties, 6. Crimes and misdemeanours. xi. MARRIAGE, AND FAMILY LIFE. 1. Marriage a contract. Rights and responsibilities of parties. z ecm: . Monogamy presupposed in the Code. 4. Voted allowed to marry. 6.

Bars to marriage. 6. Concubinage. 7. Oase of a free woman marrying a slave. 8. Case of a girl vowed to a temple. 9. Parents and children, 10. Adoption. 11. Law of inheritance. Il. Tux Cove in eatenso. (II. COMPARISON OF THE CODE OF HAMMURABI WITH THE EARLIEST HEBREW LEGISLATION. THE QUESTION STATED, AND THE DATA AVAILABLE FOR ANSWERING IT. 1. What is involved in influence. Source of material. Alternative views of likeness, . Common material : (a) customs, (b) enactments.

‘Babylonian’ influence progressive. Parallels in method of codification. Casuistic style. Adaptation. 9. Primitive features in Hebrew law. 10. Philological divergence not decisive. 11. Order of clauses. 12. Bugeestion of conscious change: (a) selection, (6) revision, (c) amendment. 18. Similarity to other ancient codes, fi, VIEWS AS TO CHARACTER OF CONNEXION. I. History AND ANALYSIS, i. DISCOVERY OF THE CoDE.

—This body of ancient laws was first recovered to modern scholar- CUD OF LAMMURABI ship by the discovery, in December 1901 and January 1902, of three enormcus fragments of a block of black diorite, which, when fitted together, formed a stele 2°25 metres high and tapering from 1:90 to 1°65 metres. At the upper end of the front side was a sculptured bas-relief representing the king Hammurabi receiving his Code of Laws from the seated sun-god Shamash. The discovery was made by J.

de Morgan at the Ani of Susa, the ancient Persepolis, once capital of an inde- pendent Elamite monarchy. This bas-relief measures *65 metres in height and ‘60 metres across. Immediately below it com- mences the longest Semitic inscription in cunei- form hitherto discovered. It is arranged in paral- lel columns, but each column is written belt-wise across the curved surface of the stele. Hence a reader must have turned his head on one side—to the left—to read the inscription.

On the front side there are sixteen of these columns preserved. There were once five more, of which scarcely a trace is preserved, the inscription having been chiselled out and the stone repolished. n the reverse, twenty-eight columns are completely pre- served, with one or two breaks due to the sur- face being destroyed. The whole inscription may therefore be estimated to have contained forty- nine columns, four thousand lines, and about eight thousand words. ii.

LITERATURE CALLED FORTH BY THE DIS.