Deer (Hastings' Dictionary)
See Fallowdekk. DEFECTIVE.- Sir 49< only, and the meaning is 'guilty of WTongdoing,' ' All, except David and Ezechias and Josias, were defective : for they for- sook the law of the Most High ' ( TrXrifi/ieXelav iTr\riiJLiii\ri<rai>, lit. 'erred an error,' i.e. ace. to the Heb. idiom ' erred greatly,' RV ' committed trespass.' The same Gr. is found in LXX Lv 5", Jos 7' 22'''-"). Bissell (in loc.) says 'were de- fective ' is not strong enough. Noi is it now, but in older Eng.
it was used for positive transgres- sion or wrongdoing, as Act 10 Henry VIII. 1518, ' Persons ... so founden defective or trespassing in any of the said statutes.' ' Defect' in the mod. sense of a shortcoming is given by RV in 1 Co 6' (firniim, AV after Wye. 'fault,' Gen. 'impatience,' RVm ' loss ' : see Sanday-Headlam on Ro 11"). J. Hastings. DEFENCED is used in AV (only of cities) where we should now say ' fortified,' the Heb. being either tlie vb.
[nj:] bdzar (Is 25» 27"' 36' 37=% Ezk 21") 'to cut oil', render inaccessible,' or the Bubst. i)i;p mibhzdr (Jer 1" 4" 8" 34', always with I'V 'ir, city), 'a place cut off.' RV gives ' fenced ' in Is 36' 37^ and in Jer 4» 34' ; Auier. RV has ' fortilicd ' in all the passages. i. Hastings.
This topic also has an entry in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Both articles offer independent scholarly perspectives.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia on Deer
Deer der ('ayyal, feminine 'ayyalah, and 'ayyeleth (compare Arabic, 'ayyal and 'iyal, "deer" and 'ayil, "ram," and Latin caper and capra, "goat," caprea, capreolus, "wild goat," "chamois," or "roe deer"); yachmur (compare Arabic, yachmur, "deer"); ya`alah, feminine of ya`el (compare Arabic, wa`l, "Pers wild goat"); tsebhi, and feminine tsebhiyah (compare Arabic, zabi and feminine zabiyah, "gazelle"]; `opher (compare Arabic, ghafr and ghufr, "young of the mountain goat")): ⇒See a list of verses on DEER in the Bible. Of the words in the preceding list, the writer believes that only the first two, i.e. 'ayyal (with its feminine forms) and yachmur should be translated "deer," 'ayyal for the roe deer and yachmur for the fallow deer. Further, he believes that ya`el (including ya`alah) should be translated "ibex," and tsebhi, "gazelle." `Opher is the young of a roe deer or of a gazelle. 'Ayyal and its feminine forms are regularly in English Versions of the Bible rendered "hart" and "hind," terms which are more commonly applied to the male and female of the red deer, Cervus elaphus, which in…
References
- Orr, J. (ed.) (1915) The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Chicago: Howard-Severance Company. [Public Domain]
- Easton, M.G. (1893) Easton's Bible Dictionary. 3rd edn. Thomas Nelson. [Public Domain]
- Nave, O.J. (1897) Nave's Topical Bible. Topical Bible Publishing Co.. [Public Domain]
- Hastings, J. (ed.) (1909) A Dictionary of the Bible. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. [Public Domain]
- Smith, W. (ed.) (1884) Smith's Bible Dictionary. London: John Murray. [Public Domain]
- Fausset, A.R. (1878) Fausset's Bible Dictionary. [Public Domain]A Critical and Expository Bible Cyclopaedia