End (Hastings' Dictionary)

The nses of this word are not so often obsolete as bihlintl, and demand attention from their very familiarity. 1. The end as opposed to the beginning. To the Heb. mind, e87>ei;ially in the later and more rij^orous dnyH of the liistory of Israel, the most pen^Iexiti}^ problem wa3 the prosperit}' of the wieked ; and the conclusion which cave the most satiafyinjf shelter, wa» the thought o( the end.

Pb 31^-^ ' Mark' the perfect man, and behold the upright ; for the end (KV ' latter end") of that man ia peace. But the transtrressors shall be destroyed together; the end (RV 'latter end') of the wicketi Bhall be cut off.' So even the author of Pa 73, who, though a trvie worshipper, felt the perplexity so keenly that he said, •Surely in vain have 1 cleansed my heart' (v. '3), found rest when he went into the sanctuary of God and 'considered tfieir Utter end ' (v.

i^ Moreover, this is the solution of the Book of Job, if (apart from the Eliliu chapters) that i>ook may be accepted aa a unity. It is Bildad who utters the prophecy (Job 8^, unconsciously as Caiaphas ; but it is fulfilled to the letter (22), for the won! used of Job's ' latter end ' is the same In both places. And it is a truly religious solution, since it is God that declares the end from the beginning (Is 40***).

Nor wait it so precarious as we may su|)pose, for the word (Vi/ulrff/t) had a certain elaMticity of nieanmg, and did not absolutely restrict the thought to the end of this present life. Its sense varied with the context, but it was capable of standing for even the great Me^isianic future. Still, we must observe that this source of encouragement, while frequent in the Apocr. (Wis l!l» B*. Sir 1" 7« 0" 1127 (iu22) igu ulK. 10), is scarcely found In N'T; cf.

(doubtfully) He iy7 'considering the end of their conversation ' (rr. tK-lairt riit it»rTfi»^v<, Wye. ' the govnge out of lyuynge' ; but liendall takes it in another sense, tne issue, «e. of the word which they had preache<l, presente<l to the oliserver by their daily course of life ') ; and 2 P '.i^o • the latter end is worse with them than the beginning' (t-ii irx»r», HV the lost state '). 2. The ' end ' is used to denote the extremity. The Heb. words arc (1) g<ilMutli.

only Ex -Ig^ 301» (AV 'at the ends,' RV ' like conls.' fr. fgilhhat] to twist). (2) peh, lit. ' mouth,' i K lo'ii 21H, Ezr 911 'full from one end to another' (AVm * full from mouth to mouth,' but Kyle thinks the metaphor has been taken from a drinking vessel). (:j) p-''dh, Ezk 41'"^ (usually 'side,' as KV here). (4) rtTrh, 'bead,' I K S» = 2Ch .'» 'the ends of the staves' of the ark. (.'j) ti<'>ph (a late word, 2Ch 'iOiti, Ec 3" y 12i», Jl -P", and in I)n). Hut the most freq.

is (6) 'fpkfn, only in the phrase 'aph*f 'rrez, 'ends of the earth' ; which is also the tr. of (7) kaiu'-phAth hi'dre^, lit. 'wings of the earth' in Job ;J73 HSi'-J. On the last passage Da^ idson says, 'The figure is beautiful; the dawn as it pours forth along the whole horizon, on both sides of the l»eholder, lays hold of the borders of the earth, over which night lay like acovering ; anrl seizing this covering bv its extremities it shakes the wickeil out of it. The wicked llee from the light.

The dawn is not a physical phenomenon merely, it is a moral agent.' In NT cf. Mt 241" 'from one end of heaven to the other" (iV aez.-At t\,pa.yit 'utf ixfatt suT^t), Ko lu'^ ' the euds of the world' (t(e Ti^ara ryit •isot/u!.)fX See EARTH, WOKLD. 3. The end may also be the eonciwfion, as Is 24^ * the noise Of them that rejoice endeth ' {hddhai). The Heb.

is nearly always kii^dh and its derivatives ; but once we find pd2dhy ' to go out,' Ex '2;11<1 ' in ttie end of the year' ; and twice the subst. tt^kuphdh, 'the circuit' (of the sun, Ps 190), used of the year. Ex 34^, 2 Ch 24-0 (AVm and RVm • revolution '). In NT the chief word is «>.«, but the more precise rvtri>^tci is found in Mt (133».). 49 243 as), always followed by nZ «;;.»,-, EV 'end of the world,' RVm consummation of the age ') and in He 9^ {ff. T«» «,'».

«(, A V ' end of the world,' R V ' end of the ages,' RVm ' consmnmation of the ages'). See Eschatoloov ; also MiLLKNNltJM, Parousia, World, and B. W. Bacon in Old and yew Tea. Student, xiii. 225-233. End ' in the sense of con- clusion is common in Apocr., as 1 Es 9'7 'their cause . . was brought to an end ' {ri^^Brt it ripctt) ; with which cf. He 6'^ ' an oath for confirmation is to them an end of all strife' (rtpaf nV ;Si.SKmrif, RV * is final for confirmation').

' In the end of the Sabbath ' (Mt 28') is lit. ' lat« of the SabUtb ' (e^i ».,3,3aT«.) 4. A work may be ended, not merely because it is concluded or terminated, but because it is completed or perfected. In this sense ' end ' occurs Iwth as vb. and subst. The Heb. is mostly either kdldh or tdrnam in some of their parts ; and the meanuig is either completeness, as of the end of sin (I)n 9'^), or perfec- tion, as of the end of God's creative work (Gn 22). The subst. MUih is tr.

'a full end' in Jer 4^7 6IO.I8 3011M» 4«»<!>», Ezk 11'3, and ' an utter end 'in Nab 18. » (RV ' a full end '). The phrase lit TiXof carries the sense both of termination and of complete- ness, so that in Jn 131 it is ditficult to decide between ' he loved them to the end' and 'he loved them to the uttermost.' In 1 Th 218 to the uttermost ' is clear ; in Lk 18 ' to the end ' is most natural. In 1 1 1'3 the adv. riXtiatf, which occurs in bibL Or.

only here, is tr' in AV ' to the end,' in KV more probably ' perfectly.' These meanings easily pass into that of perpetuily, which is manifest in Ps 11!)33. U2, kv ' tmto the end' (Heh. \:kehh); Job 34-"i (adh-nezah);, Jer 3» (Idneza't); and 'world without end' Is 4617 py "C^ljriy), Eph 3^ (r«i; tilitK ri, «•*•!, R V ' for ever and ever '). Like Lat. finis (and probably owing to it), ' end ' is used in ling, for the pur)iii.fe, as in Tomson's NT (1570) Heading of Ep.

to lie, 'The drift and end of this Epistle is.' In AV this meaning is found only in the phrase ' to the end ... or ' to this end . . ,' and once ' to what end ' ? (.■\m 5'"). In old Eng. this phra.se is sometime? fdllowed by the inlin., as Bacon's Essny.^, p. 'JUl, ' Some undertake Sutes . . to the end to gratify the adverse partie.' But in AV it is followed by ' that,' or the conj. is omitted. The constnu-tions in the orig. are : 1.

11'-^ ' in order that,' Ex 8-' ' to the end thou mayest know ' ; Lv 17°, Dt l?'"- '■", I's 30'", Ezk 2u-'« 31", Oh ». 2. n^r'^y 'for the sake of (see Ec 3'» 8=), Ec 7''' 'to the end that man should find nothing after him.' 3. toD with inlin., 1 Mac 13" 14=". 4. dirus, 1 Mac 14«. 5. €l, ri with inUn., Ac 7", Ko 1" 4'«, 1 Th 3". 6. eh ToCrro, ' to this end,' Jn 18", Ro 14», 2 Co 2». 7. Tcp&s t4, Lk 18' ' to this end that men ought always to l>ray ' (KV 'to the end that').

KV has shown much fondness for this jihrase, intro- ducing 'to the end that' in place of the simple 'that^ of AV, for ]iir:) in Gn 18"""', Ex 33'», Nu IG* ; for els t6 with inlin. (on which see Votaw, T/u: Use 0/ the hi/in. in BM. Gr., 189U, p. '21) in Ro 4'», Eph l'^ '2Th 1» 2''-', 1 P 3' ; and for X^a in Eph 3'', 2 Th 3", Tit 3».

KV also introduces ' to this end ' for di toktto in Mk 1", 1 Ti 4'" (A V 'therefore'), Ac 'ili'", 1 Jn 3" (AV 'for this pur- pose'), and Jn 18" (AV 'for this cause'); 'unto this end' in I 1 4* (Gr. els tovto, AV 'for this cause'); and 'to which end' in 2 Th 1" (Gr. tit «, AV 'wherefore'). J. HASTINGS.