Shama (Hastings' Dictionary)

One of David's heroes, 1 Ch ll". SHAMBLES 1 Co I0=» 'Wliatsoever is sold in the sliambles, that eat' (Gr. ^idKfXXoi', from Lat. macclium, a provision market). The word 'sham- bles' is now used of the slaughter-house, but for- merl}-, according to its origin, denoted the place wliere the meat was sold. It is the Anglo-Sax. scamel, a stool, from Lat. scamcllum, a little stool or bench. Cf. Congreve, Juvenal's Satires, xi.

— ' Many there are of tfie same wretclied Kind, Whuiu llieir desi'uiriii*,' Creditors nia.v find Lurking in Shanililes ; where with borrowed Coin They buy choice Meats.' J. Hastings. SHAME (Heb. e'"i3 ' to be ashamed,' n;^3 'shame,' also other words ; Gr. o/irxw7j, artfila, etc.)

— In the biblical use of the word ' shame ' there is a blending of several meanings : besides the sense of shame proper, felt for oneself (Job IP, Lk 14', 2 Th 3") or for another ( Ezr 9», Pr 10» 17^ 2 Co g-"), there is included the feeling of disappointment (Job 6», Ps 3^)^ Jer 14» 22-2 .

cf jj,, gi) ^^ deception (Ps 14', Jer 2^''), the experience of disaster (Job 8, , Ps 40") or disgrace (including reproach, rebuke, or insult) (Jg IS', Ru 2", Job 16>» 19», Ps 22« 35'' 69', Pr 25'", Ph 3") ; and thus are combined the sub- jective sense, the inward feeling, and the objective, its outward cause. This feeling is ascribed figur- atively to a fountain (Hos 13"), Lebanon (Is 33"), the sun (Is 242"), and a vessel (Ro 9'^', 2 Ti 2^).

Shame is awakened by the exposure of some parts of the body uncovered literally (compare Gn 2^ with 3' 9^-", Ex 3225, 2 S 6-" \b\ Is 20^, Mic 1"), or figur- atively (Is 47», Jer 13», Nab 3», Rev 3'» W), by outrage on & woman's person (2 S 13"), by dis- honouring treatment of the body (Is 50", Mk \2*, Lk 20", 1 Th 2-), as crucifixion (He 6" 12-), and even by the appearance of a corpse (1 Co 15").

Poverty may make ashamed (Pr 13', 1 Co U"), so beggary (Lk 16^), defeat in battle (2 Ch 322', pg 44a 80"), or even disea-se (Nu 12"). A wicked wife (Pr 12<), or a bad child (Pr 10" 29"), may cause shame. Shame arises from any breach of acknow- ledged rules of propriety, as a woman's being shaven (I Co 11'), or speaking in church (1 Co 14"), or a man's having long hair (1 Co 11'*).

Sins so unseemly are found among men, that not only the Sractice of them awakens shame (Ro l-^- •' 6-', udo '), but even the very sight or mention of them (Ezk 16", Eph 5'^). Among the sins men- tioned as bringing shame are folly (Pr 3" 14" 18"), refusal of instruction (Pr 13"), ignorance of truth of God (1 Co 15»*), nuarrelsomeness(Pr25", 1 Co 6'), haste in speech (Pr 18"), riot (Pr 28'), idleness (Pr 10»), wilfulness (Pr 29"), lying (Pr 13°), dis- honesty (2 Co 4» ; cf.

RV and AV), theft (Jer 2-'«), disrespect to parents (Pr 19), ingratitude (1 Co 4'), pride (Pr 11»). Shame in one or other of its senses is regarded aa the Divine punishment of sin, which God threatens (Ps 132'", Jer 23" 48"), and which the pious in OT 474 SHAMEFACEDXESS SHAMMAH are sure will, in answer to prayer, fall on His and their enemies (Ps S'" 44' 53' 70- 86").

On the other hand, God promises (Ps 37'"), and the pious are assured, that tliis experience will either not be theirs at all (Ps 25' 31" 34' 69« 119^'), or if ever theirs, that tliey will be delivered from it (Is 29" 54* 61', Jl 2-"'). Even God's cliosen people may be exposed to disgrace and disaster, making tliem first of all asliamed of their state (2 Ch 30", .

ler jois 143)^ and then truly ashamed of the sin that has brought it on them (Ezr 9^ Jer 3V^, Ezk 16'", Hos 10) ; but sometimes it is long before this feeling is aroused (Jer 3^ 0" 8"- '-). Fidelity to God's cause may, however, also bring shame (Ps 441s (jy?) The sm tliat most surely is followed by shame is idolatry (Is l^ 42" 44" 45'8, Jer 17" 48'^ Hos 4' 10°), or alliance with idolators (Gn 34", Ezr9«). The idol itself is sliameful (Jer 3* 11", Hos 9'" ; perhaps Hos 4' reading witli Targ.

Pesh. ' the}' liave exchanged their glory for infamy ' ; cf. Jer 2" and Ps 106-°), and its worship shameful, perhaps because often licentious (see Chej'ne on Hos 4' and 9'°). Worthy of note in this connexion is the change of the names Eshbaal (1 Ch 8^), Meribbaal (1 Ch S^), Jerubbaal (Jg e^-), to Ish- bosheth (2 S 2»), Mephibosheth (2 S 4''), and Jerub- besheth (2 S IP').

Although the alterations show the prophetic editor's aversion to idolatry, yet the names in tlieir original form are not necessarily a proof of idolatry, as the name Baal may be xiaei as a title of J" (Hos 2'^). Akin to the sin of idolatry was trust in any foreign alliances for safety instead of in J", and this too brings ' shame,' i.e. disappoint- ment (Is 20' SC-', Jer 2^; cf. Ezr 8-). See, further, Driver, Par.Psalt. (Glossary.*, 'abashed,' ' ashamed ').

In NT the sense of shame is often mentioned by St. Paul. He is not asliamed of the gospel (Ro 1"), of his converts (2 Co 7' ; cf. 9), of his hope (Ro5»), of his faith (Ro 9^ 10"), of his trials (Ph 1^, 2 Ti 1'=), of his boasting (2 Co 10). Onesiphorus was not ashamed of Paul's chain (2 Ti 1'), and Timothy is called on not to be asliamed of the witness of the Lord, or of Paul His prisoner (2 Ti 1). The unruly are to be brought to shame by exclusion from the cliurch (2Th 3').

While the enemies of Christ are put to shame (Lk 13"), and the false accusers of His disciples (Tit 2, 1 P 3'«), they, although slandered and ill-treated (2 Co 6), need not be ashamed to sufl'er for His name (1 P 4") j for, if they are ashamed of Him now.

He will be ashamed of them in the day of judgment (Mk S^, LkO'-"); but if they are faithful they need not fear shame in that day (1 Jn 2^), for Christ is not ashamed to call the sanctified brethren (He 2"), and God is not ashamed to be called tlie God of those who seek a better country (He 11") ; but the wicked and unbelieving shall awake to shame (Dn 12' ; cf. Jn 5^). A. E. Garvie.