Sosithenes

A name occurring twice in the NT, but under circumstances which leave it doubtful wliether it denotes one or two persons. 1. In Ac IS", when the Jews at Corinth rose against St. Paul and brought him to the tribunal of Gallio, tlie proconsul of Achaia, and the latter, refusing to be a judge in questions of their law, dismissed them from his bar, we learn that ' they all,' i.e.

the bystanders or assembled crowd, ' laid hold on Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue, and beat him before the judgment- seat, without interference on the part of Gallio, who, in his indilference to Jewish disputes, gave himself no concern. In the best critical texts the word 'air (Trdi-rts) stands without any defining noun, which has accordingly been supplied by the insertion, in some MSS, of an explanatory gloss, cither ol 'loioafoi, as though the a.

ssailants were the Jews, visiting the failure of their comjilaint on the head of their own leader, or oftener and more feasibly ol-EXXT/i-fs, the (predominantly) Greek on- lookers. Sosthenes, described as 'ruler of the synagogue' (which see), was doubtless the chief representative and mouthpiece of the complainants. Ho was probably the successor in oHlce ot Crispus, who had become a convert to Christianity (.\c 18").

The theory of Chrysostom, which identilies him with Crispus, and ascribes his maltreatment to his being a Christian, is wholly arbitrary ; and hardly less so are the conjectures that he had been a 508 SOSTRATUS SPAIN collea-ue in 'rule' will. Cri.pus (.ee ' r"l"«' j" the plural, Ac 13'»), or had presided over anuthci syna;:o^'ue^ 1' Sosthenes stands alongside of St. Paul in the inscription of the Epi.tle. He ,s s.

mply designated as ' the brother,' whu-h would seen, to tZfy that his person and CUrisUan standing' ^^e.e wellhnown to the readers of the letter He has been often identilied with the synagogal ru er of Ac 18, who is assumed to have heeomea eon ert m the interval ; but such an assumption is aibitiaiy, hen the name was. confessedly, a con.uion one ; and St Paul's associate was now at Ephesus, not at Corinth.

Many 1-ve assumed hun to be the apostle's amanuensis in tl'e Eiustle to ^ huh e appends an autograph salutation ( fa ) , but he n ust have been something more ll»'i"._f . '»^r« amanuensis to be thus honouraby co-ordinated in So^.r-'' '~'°' sarfwa."' SOSTRATUS (A ZJi-rrparos, V 26,rTpaTos).-The covernur of the citadel (6 Tijs d^•poJ^.\cu>s f'^W' at Jerusalem, who in vain demanded on behalf o Anliochus'Emphanes. the money .^vlu^h Mene.

us hadpromisei to pay on being raised to the hi;,h priesthood in place of Jason, 2 Mac 4" *-«'• • SOTAI C^iD and -.=) -The ^V°'^y"\'>l!',l^fXh 'Solomon's servants, who .^^'urne^ w th Zerub babel, Kzr 2" (B ^arel, A and Luc. 2arral)-.^ell / (BA ioirrel, Luc. Zoiral). SOUL is throufrhout a great part of/^'e Bible simply the equlva'ient of 'life' eni^^f'"-! '° \\"f, creatures. In the earlier usage of the OT it has no Snce to the later philosophical meaning- the animating principle, still le.

ss to the ifea of an • immaterial nature' which will survive the body ■A livin- soul- in Genesis and o her records is Bimi an 'animated being,' and the word ,s ap- plied e.iuallv to the lower animals and to man. ^Vhen tl"e life is emphasized as human, rt signi les life in the individual. This meaning it takes especially when c>rj, ^vx^ is put in contrast with m TT.^cL, 'spirit,' which then comes to signify the principle of life.

In this way soul' acquires more precisely the idea of the individual life in man! the Self, the Kgo, although it may denote other aspects of man than the '"tellec ua 1, and in fact, is sometimes ei^i^'H"* t° ''^'V'^ t,'^' xvell as to ' mind ' (see analysis below). In tlie NT the emphasis on the personality becomes most marlced in such sayings of our Lord as Mt 16 , Mk 8» ^Sit^ ^-^^^^'^^"^^^ ^^ Svvf • L^% soul • P.

107», Pr 27V : in Is 6H ,t is said that •Iheol enlarged her appetiu'imi ^■^^V- «■">' -'.v .t .s he ■ '•'"'='• ,f -??"' , '■''^ m"^' nl ,i.«Aj ™is assimilated in meaning Stt 'i r'ti i';^la"de^■^nt°eL'cr^n|«Sl a. wen aa feeUog (.,. Dt 4=9 2616, 1 K 8«, 2 K 23^). See Heart. ^.,..,. ,KVm^ 2. n?ni tr. in AV ot Job 30>r^ ' soul,' means nobil.tj; (R^ m) • .K .„• mv\ 3 n-fl lit. 'breath,' is once in EV (I« ;^c rrTsL.'*u is tdtnVhe same absolute way in Jos 10« .nrt pVi506 (both nCv'Sn-S?

'every breathing bemg ). '"The LXX S,d NT- tz^ follow, very closely the above u««e. ot mphesh (see Cremer or Grimm, «.».) The development of a double expression for man's inner Fife (^ux^J, -.eDua) gives throughout X whlBible aTisSge which is often not much more than a vaijuc parallelism, as, e.?/., m Is -U , Vn« « Ph 1^*^ (KV). It undoubtedly, however, contains a hint everywhere of t'- antitl.esis be^ tween the life-principle and tliemdnidual lite.

AYhere the two are set side by side, as in He 4 , tic actmaf relation subsisting between the son usa-e a threetoldness : t6 ^ei-Ma the Dnine lite mfnciple i, i'vxv the individual life in which the rSs >uanifested, ri .raMa^the material organism ^•'\^i:^K^i^^-t Antithesis occurs i^in the ulfe of the adjective ,>s,jMc or souhsh (^vx^^6^y The following is an analysis (abridged from (W. Heb. Lex.) of the usa"e ot the Hcb. terms for ' soul :— ^ ^.. 1. S%/.^«^ lit.

-that which breathes,- ) the breathing mibstance or being • = 4.x^«"'";«(o!n;-^'«^^^^^^^ ''■ T'^-.^kn^lun hrSedTnto th?,',os' ri'otlts 6fl«lr by God Tn 2') 'n\"?^ "ol" which^nir^ b,con,es a ^>^^^^ ?,^,ri7."t',V^her (alot'animal. p'r 12.0,''or (6) of man On 40^ S 2l», Lv'24.7 ee a!.: hence .L^ J .i-T.i = • sm.te morfUly Gn 3721 Dt 10« ", Jer 40ii- '» T : ':> n,lS ' take away l.te 1 KW. Jon 43 Ps 3114, Pr m; ni'?? '^^i ^'"'^ '''''"'" ''" '""' .. ,..'l„=913 P» 3319 6,-.14t; ": 0^0 IS 19". 2S 196?

«<<to-, ^,T:.tyZT:Jt;inL the persona, .', "Jj -'-"/^^S and ornat* discoui-se : e.g. •;TJ = ' me (Gn 498, Nu .3 . Jg IB- ^ 3«), ^^^=J='thee' (is 434 61«). etc ; or it may represent he use ot tne aaieciive /wyw....^ — . -.. •- _ the only places in wliich Vi'X">i' occurs in OT rreekVMac 4" H"-^) it means ' hearty.'

In 4 Mao P^^onJeUdng more purely Pyr'-l^f-^'Vl" NT but this is hardly bibhcal V'Tw^ix instances another interest comes in In the ->^ ;"^'an'=^^ where ^vxiKis occurs (not wholly Paulme), an Ito' ether new antithesis is introduced. \Miat 'i^ ratual or human in the ivxv is contrasted with what is Divine and divinely gnven in the Tr.ec^a 6 Is So that ■I'vx^Kds has acquired a meaning a most eVivalent ''to ' carnal ' or ' sensual.'

b^ whch latter word it is twice, f dered in AV Rut since the TytOixa and ir^evfLaTtiiis, \Mth wliicn iL fstntrast'ed, is the Divine ^V\r^\ ^^^^^'^ it seems fair to render ^pvxi'^i^ vv,,[„ the other does in four of tj-se places, and Myn^in^the o^ther Chri tUa'nity hal enriched this wordf.^..*. -Iding to its psychological sense an ethical or even a ^"S?H:^ai'l?TSnees of the use of ^^n in coniosiUon are ^^..

^a ' soulless or ' 1' e ess 1 Co 14'- ■n'uiti'Yoi 'of one accord, Ih, , Krofvxop Mike-nimle'd,' Ph 2- ; «(> -xo' 'double-minded. Ja 1« 4». See also art. PsvCHCLOOV.^ ^^^^^ SOUTH. -See Negeb.