Thaddjeus

The name in Mt 10'(AV'Leb- baeus, whose surname wjis Tliaddunis'; KV only ' Thaddieus ') and Mk 3" of the apostle who is called by Luke (6'°, Ac 1") 'Judas of James.' In Matt, most critics now read only QaSSaios (Lach- mann, Tregelles, WH [who quote this reading, § 3U4, as proof for the unique exi ellence of Nli], Kevisers, Weiss, with XB sah vg ; Evang. Ebionit.)

, others only Ae^^aiot (Alford, Tischendorf, Blass, with U 12-2 k Origen ; ' Western ' reading) ; the TR (AV) combined both readings, Ae/S/Saiot 4 in- xXriOels OaSSaTos (cf. e.g. Constit. Apost. vi. 14, viii. '25, where in a marginal note the names are reversed : eaooaios A xal At/S^oios i iTriKaXov/ufO! 'lovSas ZTjXumjr) ; some Old Latin MSS, finally, have Jvc/a.

i Zehdes, a reading w hich found its way into the Chrunicon of the year 354 and the Roman Canon of 382 ('Judce ^lotis apostoli epistula nnu'). Se« on the Iatt«r reading Zahn, Orundrigs der Geschichte dtt ntuUxULmrnUichen Kawjns, Itw:)!, p. 60 ; Sau Kircldiche Zeit' tctiri/t, xii. (1901) p. 743; li. A. LipsiuH, Die apokr]fphen AponUigejichicfiten, Er^'iiiizungBheft (1890), p. 209 ; and tlie paasaife of the Aposvdic CongtitiUions quoted above (ed. Lagarde, p. 282 ; ed. Pitra, p. 6li, note).

In Mark all editors agree in reading QaSSatot, Af^S^aios being again the 'Western' rea<ling; in Luke one of the MSS collated by Wordsworth- White adds to Juf/iun Jiifuhi on the margin ' i.e. Tadcus,' just as Luther added in Matt, to the Received Text the marginal note ' ist der fronime Judas.' This identitication (Thadda>u8 = Lelibieu3 = Judas of ,ames*) is indeed the most natural result of a com|iarison of the Gospels ; cf. vol. ii. p. 199, artt.

Juijas, and Judk (THE Lord's Brother), * The some Judoa is apparently meant Id Jn 14^, though the Syrians ldeoUI> UiU Juous with Tbomoa. and vol. iii. p. 92, art. Lebb^us. But whence thLs twofold or tlireefold name ? ' The solution has betn sought in the linguistic identity of the name Lebliwii.i, from Heb. 2S 'heart,' with Thaddceits, from Aram. 13 = Heb. i? 'female breast' ; so still, e.g., Siettert (P^i'- vii. 277) ; Resell, Paralleltexte, iii. 827. But this is more than doubtful.

Tliere is more probability in the view adopted by WH, that Ae/S^Soios or Ae^aios is some form for Levi.t caused by Mk 2" ' Levi the son of Alphreus.' This is denied by Bengel (' AefJ^aiot non est idem, quod Aew '), but accepted by Nilles, Calendarium ecdesim utriii.ique', i. 184 (on I9th June) : 'Ioi'>5a aToaToKov. ' S. Judas, qui et Thaddieus et Levi et Zelotes,' etc. A similar view had been proposed already by Grotius on the ground of Origen, contra Cclsum, i. 02 (ed. Koct- scliau, L 113).

t Grotius quoted further from Thcodoret (Quwstiones ad Nu 16) : QaSSaXoi 0 ml Ae,3i. Dalnian (Grammatik, p. 142) denies that Ac/S/Soios has anything to tlo with Levi, and is more inclined to see in it an abbreviation from ^^n or i3'?n, or to combine it (Wvrte Jesu, p. 40) with a Nabatasan name "niS. The other name "in ("Nin, Erubin, 23c) he connects with the Gr. Qcv5as as an abbreviation from Theodotos, Theodosios, or Theodoros.

§ The etymology of both names, Leb- brnxis and ThaddcEus, is at present quite doubt- ful. The Jacobite Syrians vocalized Lahb'i and Thaddi, the Nestorians Lablxij and Tliaddaj, Pusey-GwUliam spell Labbi and Taddai. Matters became even more ioni|)licated in the post-canonical literature. Eusebius (HE i. 12) states that Oo55oros was one of the Seventy, and then tells the story of his mission to Abgar of Edessa. But already Jerome (on Mt 10*, ed. Val- larsi, 1769, vii. 57 = Migne, xxvi.

61) understands this of the Apostle, writing : ' Tluiddtenm apos- tolum ecclesiastica tradit historia missiim Edessam ad Abgarum regem, qui ab Evangelista Liica Judas Jacobi dicitur et alibi ajipellatur Lebreus- quod interpretatur corculum,\\ credendumque est eum fuisse trinomium.' How <^reat the confusion became may be shown by tlie Acta Th'iddai (first published by Tischendorf, Acta Apostotorum apurri/pha, 1851, p. '26111'.)

This piece begins: Ae^fiatos 0 Kai 9a5oatos 9iv fi^v dird 'Kd^affijs ttjs riXewy . . ^\6iV els 'lepovaaX-qfj. iv rah i]/j^pais 'ludyvov tou ^aTTTtaTou , , . ifiairrlaOfi koX ^neKX-qOtj rb tvofia airrov ^daooaloi . , Kal ^^e\(^aTO ai>r6»' ['I^jffoCs] eU Toi)s SuiScKa, ArarA fih MarOaiov Kal yidpKov S^/caror diriffroXos. Nevertheless, the piece is headed in one of the MSS used by Tiscncndorf : Tpd^ii Kal Koipt.7}aLs ToO , .

dTTOoriXoi/ BaSdaiov iyds rdv epBo- (iilKovTo, in the other as ti-As tCiv ijS'. Zahn (I'urschxmgcn, i. 366, 382) believes that the whole confusion is due to Eusebius, who substituted • In the ' Preaching of Simon eon of Cleopbas (Studia Sin- aiiica, v. 62, tJ5, ed. Gibson) we even read : Simon son of Cleophas, who woa calit'd Jude, whicli is, bein^ interpreted, ^atftaiiafl, who was callt-d the Zealnl, and waa bishop in Jeru- Balcni after Jamea the brother of the L.

ord ' ; tee Zahn, For- gchunijfn, vi. '.iOIi. t CI. Jastrow, Dictionary 0/ the Targumim, p. 689, where k;^7 Laliya la quoted as the varioue reading for Levi. X irT« hi kl} i \ivr^ — this is the true reading', not A^nf — TiAwtrc ctiuXeutii,ffatt T« '\r,raZ' «XA' »uri yt Teu a/itO/juS rit ar»r- Tek^y ocbTev )», I' tJ-yi x«T(k Tjrdt TMi »tTiyfiaC' ^^f KATot M«^K4V iia>->iA.«w. tVom the same conitiinalion lielween Mtc 21 and 3" WH explain the 'Western' reading 'I«*3«» lor Ait.i«'» in 2K.

Iiit4-retiting, in this connexion, is the article of He8.\chiu8 (rec M. Scliiiiiilt. ii. S38) : laxA'jder AAfa<«i/, • xai t)tiiiix,t< auci AibJ rxpk TV Ma^JI^, nttp'cK. 2i tw MdExfaiw Al,;iti«<, wspat h't A«(^iT« 'Ui^icu 'Xxitu^v. Schmidt wishes to read limit0*i 'AA(«'»v s«i 9ethiettt< i lutj, etc } Instead of vtp Est 2»l 6» Bu/iiu (nn) out; perhaps be read ; see Willrich, Judaica, p. 19.

I The same interpretation (surname of Scipio Nnsioa) is found In Jerome's Litter tnlerpretaticmis (Lagarde, Oiwtna*1ica gacra, p. 02), where the name Tliaddteus is entirely omitted. It is curious that also in the list of the names of the a{>o8tlcs (I.e. p. 174) Tbaddieus, Lebbieus, and Judas are missing. T42 THANK-OFFERING THEOPHILUS for the name Addai ni« of the Syiiac lejreiuls the Gr. name Th'idihrus. It is very .

stian;;e that tlie Syriac tran^hition of Eusebius' HE, in one of its MSS (A), substitutes in 10 cases out of 15 tlie spellijig nn (with n, not k), wliich has not been founo liitherto anywhere else, for 'in for the name eaSSaioj ; see the edition of AVright- McLean, p. 49 ij 53,1, 64,4 55 4. (The same version gives everywhere K^(^ for Agabus). When in the Bvuk of the Bee (ed. Budge, p.

124) A^'gai ('in), the dis- ciple of the Syriac Adtlai, is followed by Thnddai (' his father' as is added in the recension published by I. H. Hall in the Journal of the Amer. Or. Hoc. Proc, Oct. 1888, pp. l.xxv, Ixxxi), giving the series Addai — Aggai — I'haddai, the question arises whether this is the result of contamination of Greek and Syriac legends. The names themselves recall 'Ao[5]a? dLdd<rKa\os Kal *A77afos AeutTTis iu the Acta Pilnti, ch. 14, etc.

According to some statements, Thadda'us was from Jerusalem and of the tribe of Judah (Bool: of the Bee, Barhebraius), and preached the gospel in the African language {Gospels of the XII Apostles, ed. J. R. Harris, pp. 26, 29) ; while the Syriac Addai is said to have been from Paneas. Bar Bahlul (p. 939) refers Labhi to the tribe of Simeon.

The apocryphal ' Gospel of Thaddoeus ' (Evan- gelium Thaddcei), mentioned in some MSS and editions of the Decretum Gelasii, seems to be due to a clerical error {PliE' i. 663). For the extra-canonical statements on Thaddsus see Lipsius, Die apohryphen Apostelgeschu-kten, ii. 142-200, and his art. 'Tha^idaius' in Smith and Wace's Dictiojiari/ of Christian Bioijraphy, iv. 875-881. As a Christian name Thaddieus never seems to have been very frequent.* Eb. NeSTLE.