Yale, valley

Fci/e stands in AV for two Hebrew words p^y and nj'fy ; and valley for live Hebrew words, n^,?;, k-?, Snj, pcji, n^cf, and one Greek word, tpipay^ (Lk 3°T)- Of these words, the meaning and use of ."Hij;, a broad plain be- tween hills, nS;:^ lowland (so always in KV), and Snj wadt/, have been dealt with uniler Plain, 3. 7, and River, 3, respectively ; so that n;3, pfv, and <f>6.pa-fi alone remain to be considered here. 1.

k;3 (<;a»'), always ' valley ' in both AV and RV, is a narrow valley, and would be more ex- actl3' represented by glen or ravine. The gai't mentioned in the Of are— the v. of Hinnom (.los 15' and frequently; 'the valley,' Jer 2''''), which gave its name to the 'rrt//c'/-gate' of Jems. (2 Ch 2G», Neh 2'»- '» 3'») ; of Iphtab'cl, Jos 19"- ", on the border between Zebuhin and Asher ; of Zeboirn (the hya-nas), IS 13'», S.E. of Gibenh ; of Salt, apiiarently somewhere near Edom (2 S 8"=1 Ch 18'», cf.

Ps eO""'; 2K 14', 2 Ch 2.j") ; the v. of craftsmen, or smiths (IS 13'"; cf. IIGIIL 160 f., 211), ICh 4" (KV here Geharashim), N.h ll", near Lod (Lydda) ; and of Zcphathah, 2 Ch 14", neer MarCsha (though prob. ' in the v. north of M.' should be read with LXX ; cf. Buhl, 89), no doubt the Wady cl-Afranj, HGHL 231, 233. Valleys not expressly named are — the v. in front of Beth-pe'or, a station of the Isr., in which Moses 846 VALE, VALLEY VANITY was buried (Nu 21=», Dt 3=9 4-" 34«) ; one on the N.

of Al {Jos 8") ; one near Gedor (1 Cli 4^ ; but see Gedor, 2); one in tlie 'vale' of Elah (1 S 17"), perhaps the ' deep trench which the coniliiiied streams' of the W. es-Sur and the W. el-Jiiuly ' have cut through the level land ' below the point where they meet (HGUL 2-28) ; the ' valley of vision,' in or close to Jerus. (Is 22'-'); one close under Samaria (Is 28'- *, Mic 1^) ; one mentioned as the ideal burial-place of the hosts of Go^' (Ezk 3,jii. II. 16) . and the ravine which Zech.

(H-"-'-') pictures as being split through the Mt. of Olives, when J" descends upon it to deliver His people. The word occurs also, without reference to speoitic localities, in Ps 23 ('a ravine of deathly gloom,' fig. of a situation of loneliness and peril) ; Is 40'' (LXX <p6.pa.yi, whence Lk 3°) ; and in the plur. generally (usu. opp. to mountains), 2 K 2", Ezk 6' 7'« 3I'= 32= 35« 30- «. In 1 S 17"'^ (RV 'to Gai') 'to Oath' is evidently to be read with LXX and most moderns; see v.'^''.

In the Apocryplia 'valley' stands for <!>ipayi, Jth 28 V 11" 12' 13'"; and for ai\6i>, Jth 4-' 7"- " I0'»- ". 2. p':;^ 'emek (EV mostly valley ; AV vale in Gn 143- 8- 10 3714^ to ^vijich RV adds Gn 14", Jos 8" 15« 18", 1 S 172- '9 21»). 'Emek (lit. depth, deepening) is ' a highlander's word for a valley as he looks dotvn into it, and is applied to wide avenues running up into a mountainous country, like the Vale of Elah, the Vale of Hebron, and the Vale of Aijalon ' (HGHL 384).

It thus de- notes something broader than a gai', but less extensive or plain-like than a bik'dh (PLAIN, 3);* and it is a pity tliat, for distinction, especially from gai' ('valley'), it has not in AV been uni- formly represented by ' vale.' The importance of distinj^ishing: specific geo^. terms in the OT was long ago pointed out, and well illustrated, bv Stanley, S. and P., Appendix, pp. 475-634; cf. UGULlib'iS.

The student will find it a good plan, in the case both of these and of other synonyms (cf. Creeping Things ; Offer, Offering) which are confused in EV, to mark on the margin of his RV either the Heb. word used or its proper English equivalent. The following are the 'emeks mentioned in the OT :— the 'vale' of Siddim, Gn 14»- »■ '»; of Shaveh, Gn 14", said there to be the same as the ' King's Vale,' which is mentioned also in 2 S 18'* t (accord- ing to Jos. Ant. VII. X. 3, 2 stadia from Jerus.)

; of Hebron, Gn 37" ; of Achor, Jos 1^-^^ 15', Hos 2'», Is G5'° ; of Aijalon, Jos 10", a ' broad fertile plain gently sloping up ' between the hills ' to the foot of the Central Range' (£rG.ffi 210) ; of Rephaim, S.W. of Jerus., on the border between Judah and Benj., Jos 15 18'«, 2S S'- » 23'" ( = lCh 14"-"' 11"), Is 17' ;t of Jezreel, Jos 17", Jg 6»», Hos 1», not the ' great plain ' of Esdraelon (Jth 1*), IV. of Jezreel, stretching towards Carmel, but ' the broad, deep vale E.

of Jezreel which descends to the Jordan ' (HGHL 384 f.) ; of I^e?!?. Jos I8-1 (RV 'Emekkeziz,' as the name occurs in an enumeration of ciliet), somewhere in E. Benjamin ; of Elah, I S 17"-"'2I», now prob. the IV. es-Sunt, 18 m. W.S.W. of Jerus. (HGHL 226 f.); of Beracah ('Ble.ssin" '), 2 Ch 20='- *", in or near the wilderness of Tekoa (v.»); of Succoth, Ps 60«=I0S'', tlie hroad part of the Jordan valley about Succoth, near the ford Damiyeh, S. of the Jabbok (cf.

Jos 13" ' in the vale,' of the same locality) ; of Baca (' weeping '), Ps 84 ; of Gibeon, Is 28" (prob. some part of one of the gorges which lead down from Gibeon to Aijalon, Jos 10'"-" ; cf. HGHL 210) ; of Jehosha- phat, Jl 3'- " (perhaps the fairly broad and open • Only once or twice does It seem to be used of what is elsewhere described by one of these words (Jer 213? 32**; Ig 6i»).

t AV ' dale ' in these two passages ; RV inconsistently ' King's Vale ' in On 14", ' king's dale ' in 2 S 18'8. X RV, again inconsistently, vale ' in Joshua, elsewhere ' valley. part of the nahal of the Kidron, between Jerus. and the Mt. of Olives), called in v.'* by the emblem- atic name ' vale of decision ' (i.e. of judgment). 'Vales' without specified names are alluded to in Jos 8'^ (' the vale ' near Ai, rightly distinguished in RV from ^tlie • valley ' ((/af) of v.")

; 13* (in Reu- ben) ; 19'' (a place Beth-haemek, in Asher) ; Jg '1" (the Plain of Esdraelon); 7'-8-'- (apparently the vale of Jezreel, 0''') ; 18-" (' tlie vale tliat belongeth to Beth-Kehob ') ; 1 S G" (near Beth-shemesh ; the broad valley, the ujiper part of the Wddy es-Surar (the ancient nahal of Sorek), opening out westwards and leading down in the direction of Ekron ; (cf. HGHL 218 f.) ; IS 31'=1 Ch 10^ (prob. the vale of Jezreel) ; Jer 21'" (very uncertain ; the Tyiopocon valley?

or as Jl 3-, above? or not of Jerusalem at all?); 32-"'(the(7«i' of Hinnom); 47Mof the Phil, plain, though hardly suitable, in spite of HGHL 655 ; read prob. ' the remnant of the 'Andkim' [opj;^ for D|-3Pj; ; see Jos 11^], with LXX, Ges., Hitz., Graf, Giesebr. etc.); 4'J''* (in Amnion). The word is also used generally of ' vales ' in different parts of the country, mentioned often either with refer- ence to their fertility (cf.

1 S 6", Is 17'), or as suit- able for war-chariots to deploy in ; Nu 14^, .l^os 17", Jg l'"- «, 1 K 20-^, 1 Ch 12" '27-'«, Job 39'"- "i ( ' he paweth in the valley,' of the war-horse), Ps 65", Ca 2' ('the lily of the valleys'). Is 22' (about Jerus.), Jer 48 (in Moab), Mic 1. S. R. Driver, YANIAH (n;n [but text dub.] ; B Owex"<i. A OiJoiii'id, S OiiiepfX'i, Luc. Ouand). — One of the sons of Bani, who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 10^. VANITY 1. ^lan (1) lit.

a breath of air, as a gentle breeze. Is 57^' ; a breath of the mouth. Pa 144 ; hence (2) fig. evanescence, emptiness. La 4", Job 9»; (3) idols and idolatry, Dt 32"', Jer I0«, 2K I71', Ps 318; (4) exhalation, mist, Ec 6 U' (cf. Abel [wh. see], Gn 4^). 2. ]yt} (1) labour, sorrow, Hos Q, Hab 3' (cf. Ben-oni for Benjamin, Gn 35") ; (2) nothingness. Is 41® ; worthlessness, sin- fulness. Job 31^ Pr 17; (3) idols and idolatry. Is 66^ 1 S 152s (cf. Beth-aven for Beth-el, Hos 4" [see Cheyne, p.

69] ; Aven for On in Egypt, Ezk 30" ; Aven for Heliopolis in Syria, Am 1'). 3. Kiv" (1) wickedness, Job 11"; (2) calamity. Is 30^; (3) falseliood, Ps 12- ; (4) emptiness, uselessness, Ps 60", Mai 3", Jer 2™, Ps 127'. 4. p-) (1) einpti- ness, Jer 51*; hence (2) fig. a useless, worthless thing, Ps 2' 42 73'^ Lv 26", Is 49, Hab 2". 5. mn (1) waste, Gn P, Dt32'», Is 24'" ; hence (2) fig. empti- ness, uselessness. Is 49'' 41^ 45". Greek /iaroiiri)?

, what is devoid of truth and fitness, 2 P 2" ; per- verseness, Eph 4" ; frailty, Ro 8-° ; also liaTaioKoyla., empty talk, 1 Ti 1° ; ^ToioXcryos, idle talker, Tit 1'° ; /idraios, devoid of force, truth, success, result, Ja 1", 1 Co 15" S"", Tit 39, IP 1" ; tA /tidraia, idols and idolatry, Ac 14" ; (uiTaibw, to become profitless, emiity, Ro P'.

Also Kcv6i, literally empty, fig- void of truth, Eph 5" Col 2» ; void of worth, Ja S* ; void of result, 1 Co 15'" ; (ccvoSoffo, groundless self-esteem, empty pride, Ph 2' ; Kevboo^os, con- ceited. Gal 5-° ; Kcvoipuivla, empty discussion, 1 Ti 6=», 2 Ti 2" ; Kei>6a, to empty, to make void, Ro 4', 2 Co 9*: also some other words of less importance. The varied senses, literal and figurative, of the words tr. 'vanity' indicate the wide range of ita use in the Scriptures. The literal tr.

' breath ' would probably be better than ' vanity ' in several passages (Ps 78^ 94" 144, Is 57") in which the word IS used to indicate the evanescence of man's life (also Ec 6 11«, cf. Ro 8-'"), which itself is unsub- stantial and unsatisfving (Job 7'-", Ps S^-*-", Hab 2'^).

Man himself cannot be trusted (P« 60" 62'), and this his worthlessness is shown alike in falsehood (Job 31», Ps 12» 418, p, 308^ jg gs 69) VASH2JI VEIL 847 and in wickedness (Job 11" 31', Ps 10', Is 5", Eph 4'', 2 P 2'), of which the dis<aster and disappoint- ment of his lot are but the punishment (Job 15-"- ', Is 30-'', Pr 22'), although man dares to question God's meanin" in making him (Ps Sg", of. Is 45"). As there is out one Gud, idols are unreal (Is 60', Jer 10'* 51", of.

1 Co S) ; their worship is unprofit- able (Dt 32=', 1 S lo'^, 2 K 17", Ps 4- 24 31«, Jer 2» 103. 8 1^19 ig« cf. Ac 14"), and their worshippers worthless (1 S la"-", 2 K 17", Is 41-"' 449). (jnjgr the same judgment come false prophecy (Jer 23", La 2", Ezk 13'"-=', Zee 10=), reliance on any other help than God's (Is 30', Jer 3^, La 4"), and ritual without righteousness (Is 1", of. Ja l-» 2=»).

WhUe to doubt or unbelief, God's service (Ps 73", Mai 3"), Bis dealing (Jer 2™, Is 49^), and even His law (Jer 8"), may seem to come to naught, vet He does reward those who do His will (Dt 32", Is 65'^), and fulfils His promises (la 45") as His threats (Ezk e"). AVitliout His blessing (Ps 127''), or by His curse (Lv 20'°), man's labour is profitless (cf. Pr 13" 21°), for man before God is notliing (Is 40"- ^), and his charms worthless (Pr SI*').

Jesus pronounced worthless alike Gentile ritual (Mt C) and Pharisaic piety (.Mt 15«, Mk 7', cf. 1 1" 1'), and Paul so judged pagan philosophy and the speculative theology which, under its inlluence, was finding entrance into the Church (Ko 1'-', Eph 5», 1 Co 3-", Col 28, and 1 Ti 1' 6=", 2 Ti 2", Tit l'» 3'). Christian faith, life, and service have worth ana use (1 Co Id'"-", 1 Th 2'), but may lose these through man's failure or faithlessness (1 Co 9'°, 2 Co & 9r>, Ph 2'«, 1 Th 3").

Denial of the resurrec- tion of Christ m.nkes Christian preaching false (1 Co 15") and Christian faith profitless (1 Co 15") ; and even belief in works emi)tie3 faith of worth (Ro 4") and Christ's death of meaning (Gal 2-').

Thus, in tlie Bible, ' vanity ' is used in the ob- jective sense of emptiness, wortlilessness, unprofit- ableness, uselessness, deceit, and illusion ; in the subjective sense of conceit or pride it is not used, but the idea is expressed by the compound words vainglory (Ph 2") and vainglorious (Gal 5=°). The fullest treatment of the vanity of niiin's life, work, joy, and hope is found in the Bk. of EcCLE.sia.stes (w"hich see). A. E. Garvie.