Zamzummim (Hastings' Dictionary)

In the arclia?ological notice, Dt 2-""'-^, said (v.-") to have been the name given by the Ammonites to the ' Rephaim,' wiio once in- habited their land, but had afterwards been ex- pelled by them, — a people ' great and many and tall, like the Anakim' (comp. the similar note in yy 10. 11 respecting the 'Emini,' the prehistoric occupants of the territory possessed afterwards by Moal), and in v.'^ resjiecting the yorites, the original occupants of Edom).

The Rephaim were a people, reputed to have been of giant stature, who left remains or memories of themselves in dilleriiit parts of Palestine, —cf. e.g. the 'Vale of licphaira' Jos 15' al. S.W. of Jerus., and the description of Og, king of Bashan, as ' of the remnant of the Rephaim,' also 2 S 21'«- '»• »■, RV ; and the Ammonites called those Rephaim who, in prehistoric times, had inhabited their own terntorv by the name 'Zamzummim.' This is all that is Icnown about them.

As regards the name, zamzamah in Arab, is a distnnt and confused .<!ound, and ziztm is the loxo hvin of the Jinn heard in the desert at night (Lane, 1248 f.), whence W. R. Smith ("p. Driver on Dt 2-") thinks with Schwally that the name meant properly u-hU-perers, mur- miircrs, and denoted the spirits (cf. Is 8") of the old giants, which 'were still thought to haunt the ruins and deserts of East Canaan.

But of course this is only a conjecture : we do not know that the root zamzama, with its Arabic meaning, was in use in Animonitish. Cf. Zuzim. S. R. DRn'ER. ZANOAH (0^3')- — !• A town in the Shephelah, Jos 15" (B Toj-ii, A and Luc. Z<ww), Neh 3" (BA ZAPHENATH-PANEAH ZATHUI rM-,3 Zcwij, Luc. Zanj;-) 11*'(BA om., jj"- "°« '»'• Zai-ie, Luc. Zcwii), 1 Ch 4" (BA Zoroly, Luc. Zarie) In tlie la-st cited passage Jekuthiel is said to have been the 'father' of Zanoah.

The place, it is generally agreed, is the modern Zanua, S.E. of Zoreah (Robinson, BR/'- ii. 61). 2. A place in the mountains, Jos lo*" (B ZaKavaei/j. [combining cut and the following j'sn], A Zovii, Luc. Zoi-oi;), possibly Ziiniita S.W. of Hebron {SWP iii. 404), although Dillm. objects that this is too far south. ZAPHENATH-PANEAH (rjvs ni?», ^opeofKpavvx). — The name given by I'haraoh to Joseph (Gn 41").

Far-fetched attempts of the ancients to explain it by Hebrew have found no favour amongst modern commentators, the name being eWdently intended for Egyptian. In 1886 Krall connected it with a ■well-known Egyptian type of name (;rf-i- divine na.me + e-/'nh] meaning ' Said Anion (Bast, Mont, etc.), he liveth,' and in subsequent j-ears Steindorff established its identity more closely (Zeitschrift fiir ^gyptische Spr. u. Alterthumskunde, 1889, 41, 1892, 50).

The Massoretic vocalization of the Dame is wrong : so also are the Greek forms in the LXX and elsewhere. But the consonants in the Hebrew text are a precise transliteration of those in •XK-lllieT-6q-U)ll|), which would be approximately ttie pronunciation of a hieroglyphic name '^^ ^ I -\1 fl k_ T ® ' Said God, he liveth.' A Greek mummy-label of the Roman age preserves an example of the same formation Kaiievre^ijivx, where "SluvO (shortened to Metr-) is the divinitj» (Steindortf, I.e.)

This type of personal name grew extremely common in the period of the Deltaic dj-nasties (22nd -20th): earlier, it is ex- tremely rare, and has not yet been traced before the end of the 20th dynasty. Probably many details in the story of Joseuh date from the 26th dynasty (B c. 666-525), there being much intercourse be- tween Egypt and Palestine at that period.

The compound with/) ntr 'TlieGod' (rrNOyTe shortened to nNer-) has not yet been found on Egyptian monuments : it is probably a monotheistic touch added by a Hebrew familiar with Egypt and the Egyiitian language. F. Ll. Gkiffith.