אֲדָר

אֲדָר

Adar, the 12th Hebrew month

Definition

Adar is the twelfth and final month of the Hebrew religious calendar, occurring in late winter (February/March). In the biblical narrative, it is most prominently featured as the month in which the events of the Jewish festival of Purim unfold, specifically the reversal of Haman's genocidal decree against the Jews (Esther 3:7, 9:1). In leap years, a second Adar (Adar II) is added to align the lunar calendar with the solar year, though this practice is post-biblical. The month is associated with joy and deliverance due to its connection to the Purim story.

Biblical Usage

The word 'Adar' is used exclusively in the book of Esther, appearing in all eight of its occurrences. It is used to date the casting of the lots (Purim) by Haman (Esther 3:7), the issuance of his decree (Esther 3:13), the counter-decree of Mordecai (Esther 8:12), and the subsequent battles and celebrations of Purim (Esther 9:1, 15, 17, 19, 21). Its usage is strictly calendrical, marking the timing of these pivotal events.

Etymology

The etymology of 'Adar' is uncertain but is generally considered to be of foreign, likely Akkadian (Babylonian), origin. It is borrowed from the Babylonian month name 'Addaru'. Some scholars suggest a connection to the Akkadian word 'adaru', meaning 'to be dark' or 'clouded', possibly referring to the cloudy weather of the season, or to a root meaning 'threshing floor'. The suggested meaning 'fire' is less supported. Its adoption reflects the Jewish calendar's use of Babylonian month names after the exile.

Semantic Range

Adar is theologically significant as the divinely orchestrated backdrop for the miracle of Purim—a story of God's hidden providence and deliverance of His people from annihilation. The month's name, embedded in a book where God's name is never explicitly mentioned, reminds readers that God works through history and natural events (like the timing of a lot) to fulfill His covenant promises. Understanding this context enriches the reading of Esther, highlighting themes of reversal, justice, and celebration of salvation. In the ancient Near East, month names were often tied to agricultural cycles or festivals. Adar, a Babylonian import, marked a period of late winter rains and the conclusion of the agricultural year. For post-exilic Jews, using this name was a cultural reminder of their time in Babylon. The association of Adar with joy and celebration ("When Adar enters, joy increases") is a strong rabbinic tradition stemming from the Purim events, fundamentally shaping the Jewish cultural understanding of this month. Nisan (Nîsān, H5212) — the first month of the religious calendar, associated with Passover and the Exodus. Tishri (Tishrî, H8657) — the seventh month, featuring the Day of Atonement and Feast of Tabernacles.

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