עָלַץ

עָלַץ

to jump for joy, i.e. exult

Definition

The Hebrew verb עָלַץ (ʻâlats) conveys a strong, outward expression of joy, often described as leaping, exulting, or triumphing. It signifies a joy that is not merely internal but physically demonstrative, like jumping for joy. In most contexts, it describes the exultation of the righteous, as seen when David rejoices in God's deliverance (Psalm 9:2) or when the upright in a city celebrate (Proverbs 11:10). However, it can also describe the dangerous, arrogant exultation of the wicked when they temporarily prosper, a usage that provides a stark contrast, as implied in passages like Psalm 25:2 where the psalmist prays not to be put to shame by such enemies.

Biblical Usage

This verb is used 8 times in the Old Testament, primarily in poetic and wisdom literature (Psalms, Proverbs, 1 Chronicles 16). It consistently describes a public, celebratory joy. It is used for the righteous rejoicing in God's character and acts of salvation (1 Samuel 2:1, Psalm 68:3), for creation itself rejoicing before the Lord (1 Chronicles 16:32, Psalm 96:12), and for communal joy at righteous leadership (Proverbs 28:12). The pattern shows it is tied to contexts of victory, justice, and divine favor.

Etymology

As a primitive root, עָלַץ (ʻâlats) is the base word from which other related terms are derived. It is connected to the idea of leaping or springing up, which physically manifests the internal emotion of joy. Cognates in other Semitic languages support meanings related to joy and exultation.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures the proper response of God's people to His salvation and righteous rule. It portrays joy as an active, communal celebration of God's victory, contrasting the fleeting, arrogant triumph of the wicked. Understanding this Hebrew term enriches reading by highlighting that biblical joy is often a public testimony—a leap of praise that acknowledges God as the source of true triumph and justice. In ancient Near Eastern culture, public, physical demonstrations of emotion—like leaping, dancing, and shouting—were common expressions of great joy, especially in response to military victory or communal celebration. עָלַץ fits this context, describing a joy that is visibly and audibly shared with the community, differing from a modern, often private, conception of happiness. שָׂמַח (śāmach, H8055) — a more general term for being glad or rejoicing, not necessarily with the same physical, leaping connotation. גִּיל (gîyl, H1523) — to spin around in joy, often for exceeding gladness, closely related but can imply circular motion. רָנַן (rānan, H7442) — to shout or cry out for joy, emphasizing the vocal expression.

Word Details