סָמָר

סָמָר

bristling, i.e. shaggy

Definition

The Hebrew noun סָמָר (çâmâr) refers to something that is bristling, shaggy, or rough in texture. It describes hair or fur that stands on end, often due to fear or agitation, conveying a sense of wildness or untamed nature. In its single biblical occurrence, it is used to describe the rough-haired or shaggy goats that are to be summoned against Babylon in Jeremiah 51:27, symbolizing a fierce, warlike force. The word's root meaning emphasizes a physical state of being stiffened or made to stand erect.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only once in the Old Testament, in Jeremiah 51:27. It is used in a prophetic oracle of judgment against Babylon, where nations are summoned as instruments of God's wrath. The term describes the 'rough-haired' or 'shaggy' goats among the summoned forces, likely a metaphor for rugged, wild warriors from a mountainous region (possibly referring to the Medes or a similar group). The context is militaristic and poetic, using animal imagery to depict ferocity and readiness for battle.

Etymology

סָמָר (çâmâr) is derived from the root verb סָמַר (sāmar, H5568), which means 'to bristle up' or 'to stand on end,' as hair does from terror or cold. This root conveys the idea of something becoming stiff or rigid. The noun form thus carries the concrete sense of that which is bristly or shaggy. Cognate words in other Semitic languages also relate to hair or wool, reinforcing the core meaning of a rough, standing texture.

Semantic Range

While used only once, סָמָר contributes to the vivid imagery of divine judgment in the prophets. In Jeremiah 51:27, the 'rough-haired goats' are part of God's mustered army against Babylon, illustrating His sovereignty in using even wild, seemingly untamed nations to execute His purposes. Understanding this Hebrew term enriches the reading by highlighting the intentional, poetic contrast between civilized Babylon and the rugged agents of its downfall, emphasizing that God's judgment can come from unexpected, fierce quarters. In ancient Near Eastern culture, goats, especially those described as shaggy or rough-haired, were often associated with mountainous, wild regions and could symbolize strength, independence, and ferocity. The specific description likely would have evoked an image of tough, resilient animals suited for harsh terrain, making them a fitting metaphor for formidable warriors. This cultural understanding amplifies the prophetic threat, as the audience would recognize the described force as rugged and formidable. שֵׂעָר (śēʿār, H8181) — refers more generally to 'hair' or 'hairy,' without the specific connotation of bristling or roughness. עָז (ʿāz, H5794) — means 'strong' or 'fierce,' sharing the concept of might but not the physical description of texture.

Word Details