Bible Word Study
דָּבֵק
dâbêq · adhering
דָּבֵק
adhering
Definition
The Hebrew noun דָּבֵק (dâbêq) describes a state of close attachment, adherence, or clinging. It conveys the idea of being joined or sticking firmly to something or someone, whether physically or metaphorically. In Deuteronomy 4:4, it describes the Israelites who 'cleave' to the LORD in faithful covenant loyalty. In 2 Chronicles 3:12, it refers to the physical 'joining' of a sculpted cherub's wing to another in the temple. In Proverbs 18:24, it depicts a friend who 'sticks closer' than a brother, emphasizing relational loyalty and intimate companionship.
Biblical Usage
This word is used only three times in the Old Testament, each in a distinct context that highlights its core meaning of close attachment. It appears in a legal/covenantal context (Deuteronomy 4:4), a descriptive architectural context for the temple (2 Chronicles 3:12), and in wisdom literature concerning friendship (Proverbs 18:24). Despite the different books and genres, the consistent theme is a strong, unbroken connection.
Etymology
דָּבֵק (dâbêq) is a noun derived from the common Hebrew root דָּבַק (dābaq, H1692), which means 'to cling, cleave, stick to.' This root is used over 50 times, often for physical sticking (Genesis 2:24) or metaphorical devotion (Joshua 23:8). The noun form captures the resulting state or quality of that action—adherence.
Semantic Range
This word is theologically significant as it captures the ideal covenant relationship between God and His people. In Deuteronomy 4:4, 'cleaving' to God is the proper response to His redemption, implying exclusive loyalty, love, and obedience. It enriches the understanding of biblical covenant love (hesed), which is not passive but an active, clinging faithfulness. This concept also informs the New Testament idea of union with Christ. In ancient Near Eastern culture, covenants created binding, 'sticking' relationships between parties, often sealed with oaths. The concept of 'cleaving' in friendship (Proverbs 18:24) would have been understood as a bond of loyalty surpassing even family ties, which were the primary social unit. This highlights the supreme value placed on faithful, steadfast companionship. חָבַר (ḥāḇar, H2266) — to unite, associate (often for alliances or joining objects); אָהַב (ʾāhaḇ, H157) — to love (emotional bond, broader than physical clinging); צָמַד (ṣāmad, H6817) — to bind, join (often for fastening objects together).
Word Details
How this works
Definitions are from the Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (BDB, 1906, public domain). Concordance and morphology data are from the OSHB (Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible).
Full methodology & sources →References
- Abbott-Smith, G. (1921) A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. [Public Domain]
- Brown, F., Driver, S.R. and Briggs, C.A. (1906) A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Public Domain]
- Tyndale House, Cambridge (n.d.) Tyndale Brief lexicon of Extended Strongs for Greek (TBESG). STEPBible. Available at: https://www.stepbible.org. [CC BY 4.0]
- Tyndale House, Cambridge (n.d.) Translators Formatted full LSJ (TFLSJ). STEPBible. Available at: https://www.stepbible.org. [CC BY 4.0]
- Thayer, J.H. (1889) A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. [Public Domain]
- Gesenius, W. (1846) Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament. [Public Domain]
- Dodson, J. (2010) Greek Lexicon. Biblical Humanities. [CC0]