נָזַר

נָזַר

to hold aloof, i.e. (intransitivey) abstain (from food and drink, from impurity

Definition

The Hebrew verb נָזַר (nâzar) primarily means 'to separate' or 'to consecrate oneself.' In its most prominent usage, it describes a voluntary vow of separation for a sacred purpose, as seen in the Nazirite vow (Numbers 6:1-21), where an individual abstains from wine, avoids contact with the dead, and lets their hair grow. In a related but distinct sense, the word can denote a negative separation, such as holding oneself aloof from impurity (Leviticus 15:31) or, in a spiritual context, apostatizing by separating oneself from God (Ezekiel 14:7). It also carries the active sense of setting something apart for God, as when priests are consecrated (Leviticus 22:2).

Biblical Usage

נָזַר is used 10 times in the Old Testament, predominantly in legal and ritual contexts. Its most concentrated usage is in Numbers 6, detailing the laws of the Nazirite vow (e.g., Numbers 6:2, 6:3, 6:5). It appears in Leviticus regarding ritual purity for priests and the people (Leviticus 15:31, 22:2). The prophetic book of Ezekiel uses it metaphorically for idolatrous separation from God (Ezekiel 14:7). The pattern shows it is a technical term for religious vows and consecration.

Etymology

נָזַר is a primitive root. It is likely related to the idea of 'dedication' or 'vowing.' Cognates in other Semitic languages, like Arabic 'nadhara' (to vow), suggest a core meaning of making a solemn promise or setting something apart. The Hebrew meaning developed to encompass both the positive act of consecration and the negative act of abstaining or holding aloof.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it underpins the concept of voluntary, consecrated separation to God. The Nazirite vow (Numbers 6) represents a special level of devotion, modeling holiness and dedication. Understanding נָזַר enriches the reading of Samson's (Judges 13:5) and Samuel's (1 Samuel 1:11) callings, even though the noun 'Nazirite' (נָזִיר) is used. It also highlights the serious spiritual danger when this 'separation' is directed away from God toward idols (Ezekiel 14:7). In ancient Israel, taking a Nazirite vow was a recognized, temporary act of heightened religious devotion, often during a time of crisis or special petition. It involved visible, physical markers (uncut hair, abstention from wine) that set the individual apart in society. This culturally understood practice of vow-making differs from modern individualistic spirituality, being a formal, communal commitment. קָדַשׁ (qadash, H6942) — to be holy, set apart; more general for sanctification. בָּדַל (badal, H914) — to divide or separate; often physical or communal distinction. הִפְרִישׁ (hifrish, H5144) — to separate or set apart; a more common verb for setting aside.

Word Details