Bible Word Study
παρεκτός
parektos · besides, outside, without
παρεκτός
besides, outside, without
Definition
Parektós is a Greek particle meaning 'besides,' 'outside,' or 'without.' It functions primarily as an adverb, describing something that is excluded or left over, as seen in 2 Corinthians 11:28 where Paul lists his burdens 'besides' (parektós) the daily pressure of his ministry. It can also act as a preposition meaning 'apart from' or 'except,' introducing an exception, as in Matthew 5:32, where Jesus teaches about divorce 'except' (parektós) for sexual immorality. In Acts 26:29, it carries a more general sense of 'outside of' or 'without,' as Paul wishes all his listeners were as he is, 'without' (parektós) his chains.
Biblical Usage
This word appears only three times in the New Testament, each with a slightly different nuance. In Matthew 5:32, it is used as a preposition to introduce a sole exception ('except for sexual immorality') in Jesus' teaching on divorce. In 2 Corinthians 11:28, it functions adverbially, adding an extra category ('besides' other things) to Paul's list of sufferings. In Acts 26:29, it is used more generally as an adverb meaning 'without,' expressing Paul's wish regarding his chains. Its usage is limited to narrative (Acts) and didactic (Gospel, Epistle) contexts to mark exclusion or addition.
Etymology
Derived from the Greek preposition pará (G3844), meaning 'beside,' and the adjective ektós, meaning 'outside' or 'without.' It is a compound word that literally means 'beside the outside,' conveying the core idea of something being external, excluded, or in addition to a main subject. Its meaning developed naturally to indicate exceptions or supplementary items.
Semantic Range
This word is theologically significant as it is used by Jesus in Matthew 5:32 to define the sole exception permitting divorce. Understanding parektós highlights the precision and gravity of Christ's teaching on marriage, contrasting the strict biblical standard with more permissive cultural practices. In 2 Corinthians 11:28, it underscores the comprehensiveness of Paul's apostolic suffering and care, enriching our view of ministerial burden. In the Greco-Roman world, divorce was relatively common and could be initiated for various reasons. Jesus' use of parektós to introduce a single, narrow exception ('except for sexual immorality') in Matthew 5:32 would have been striking and counter-cultural, elevating the sanctity and permanence of marriage beyond contemporary norms. chōrís (G5565) — More commonly means 'apart from' or 'separately,' often without the connotation of an explicit exception. plēn (G4133) — A stronger adversative conjunction meaning 'however,' 'but,' or 'except,' often used to introduce a contrasting point or limitation.
Word Details
How this works
Definitions are from the Dodson Greek-English Lexicon, supplemented by STEPBible TBESG data (CC BY 4.0). Concordance and morphology data are derived from the interlinear Bible.
Full methodology & sources →References
- Abbott-Smith, G. (1921) A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. [Public Domain]
- Brown, F., Driver, S.R. and Briggs, C.A. (1906) A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Public Domain]
- Tyndale House, Cambridge (n.d.) Tyndale Brief lexicon of Extended Strongs for Greek (TBESG). STEPBible. Available at: https://www.stepbible.org. [CC BY 4.0]
- Tyndale House, Cambridge (n.d.) Translators Formatted full LSJ (TFLSJ). STEPBible. Available at: https://www.stepbible.org. [CC BY 4.0]
- Thayer, J.H. (1889) A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. [Public Domain]
- Gesenius, W. (1846) Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament. [Public Domain]
- Dodson, J. (2010) Greek Lexicon. Biblical Humanities. [CC0]