Bible Word Study
πρόθυμος
prothymos · eager, ready, willing
πρόθυμος
eager, ready, willing
Definition
The adjective πρόθυμος describes a state of being eager, ready, or willing, with an emphasis on the internal disposition of the heart and mind. It conveys a sense of promptness and a forward-leaning attitude toward an action or duty. In Matthew 26:41 and Mark 14:38, it describes the 'spirit' that is 'willing' but contrasted with weak flesh. In Romans 1:15, Paul uses it to express his personal eagerness to preach the gospel in Rome.
Biblical Usage
This word appears three times in the New Testament, used in both Gospel and Epistle contexts. In the Gospels (Matthew 26:41, Mark 14:38), it describes the inner human spirit's desire to do what is right, set against the weakness of the flesh. In Paul's writing (Romans 1:15), it expresses his personal, heartfelt eagerness and readiness to fulfill his apostolic mission, highlighting an active and voluntary commitment.
Etymology
Derived from πρό (pro), meaning 'before' or 'forward,' and θυμός (thymos), meaning 'spirit,' 'soul,' 'passion,' or 'desire.' Literally, it means having one's 'spirit forward' or 'inclined beforehand,' picturing an inner disposition that is already leaning into an action. This root connection to 'thymos' emphasizes the emotional and volitional drive behind the willingness.
Semantic Range
This word is theologically significant as it highlights the tension between human volition and human weakness, a key theme in Christian anthropology. In the Gospels, it underscores the struggle described in Romans 7, where the desire to obey God exists but is thwarted by sin. In Romans 1:15, it models the attitude of joyful, eager service that should characterize gospel ministry, rooted not in obligation but in a transformed heart. In the Greco-Roman world, willingness and eagerness were highly valued virtues, especially in contexts of civic duty, military service, and philosophical pursuit. The term carried connotations of honorable zeal and voluntary commitment. The biblical usage retains this sense of virtuous readiness but redirects it toward spiritual obedience and gospel mission, contrasting it with mere external compliance. ἑκών (hekon, G1635) — emphasizes voluntary action more than internal eagerness. σπουδαῖος (spoudaios, G4705) — stresses diligence, earnestness, and haste in action.
Word Details
How this works
Definitions are from the Dodson Greek-English Lexicon, supplemented by STEPBible TBESG data (CC BY 4.0). Concordance and morphology data are derived from the interlinear Bible.
Full methodology & sources →References
- Abbott-Smith, G. (1921) A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. [Public Domain]
- Brown, F., Driver, S.R. and Briggs, C.A. (1906) A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Public Domain]
- Tyndale House, Cambridge (n.d.) Tyndale Brief lexicon of Extended Strongs for Greek (TBESG). STEPBible. Available at: https://www.stepbible.org. [CC BY 4.0]
- Tyndale House, Cambridge (n.d.) Translators Formatted full LSJ (TFLSJ). STEPBible. Available at: https://www.stepbible.org. [CC BY 4.0]
- Thayer, J.H. (1889) A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. [Public Domain]
- Gesenius, W. (1846) Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament. [Public Domain]
- Dodson, J. (2010) Greek Lexicon. Biblical Humanities. [CC0]