קִים

קִים

an opponent (as rising against one), i.e. (collectively) enemies

Definition

The Hebrew noun קִים (qîym) refers to an opponent or adversary, specifically one who rises up against another. It carries the sense of a collective group of enemies or those who stand in opposition. The word's single biblical occurrence in Job 22:20 uses it in a context of destruction, where the 'substance' or 'possessions' of the wicked are said to have perished, a translation choice by the KJV that interprets the 'opponents' as representing the resources or foundation that the wicked relied upon. This unique usage suggests a metaphorical extension where one's adversaries or opposing forces are equated with their very means of support.

Biblical Usage

This word appears only once in the entire Old Testament, in Job 22:20. In this verse, Eliphaz the Temanite argues that the wicked have their 'substance' (KJV) or 'wealth' cut off. The context is a poetic discourse on divine judgment, where the prosperity of the unjust is utterly consumed. Its singular occurrence makes it a rare and context-specific term.

Etymology

קִים is a noun derived from the common Hebrew root קוּם (qûm, H6965), meaning 'to arise,' 'stand up,' or 'establish.' This root connection directly informs its meaning: an opponent is literally 'one who rises up' against another. The noun form captures the result or embodiment of that hostile action.

Semantic Range

Though used only once, this word contributes to the theme of divine justice in the book of Job. It portrays the downfall of the wicked not just as a personal defeat, but as the complete eradication of their supporting structures—here poetically framed as their 'opponents' or substance. Understanding this Hebrew term enriches the reading of Job 22:20 by highlighting how biblical poetry can equate a person's hostile circumstances with the tangible collapse of their life's foundation, emphasizing God's comprehensive judgment. In ancient Near Eastern thought, particularly in wisdom literature like Job, wealth and social standing were often seen as tangible evidence of one's strength and security. The loss of one's 'substance' (qîym) would therefore signify a total and humiliating reversal of fortune, moving from a position of power to one of complete vulnerability. This resonates with the common biblical theme that God opposes the proud. אוֹיֵב (ʾoyēv, H341) — a more general and frequent term for 'enemy.' צַר (tsar, H6862) — denotes an adversary, foe, or one who causes distress. שָׂטָן (śāṭān, H7854) — an accuser or adversary, which can be human or supernatural (e.g., the Satan).

Word Details