רֶתֶם

רֶתֶם

the Spanish broom (from its pole-like stems)

Definition

The Hebrew word רֶתֶם (rethem) refers to a specific desert shrub, most likely the Spanish broom (Retama raetam). This hardy, drought-resistant plant is characterized by its long, slender, pole-like stems and small leaves. In the Bible, it is depicted as a source of scant shade in arid wilderness environments, as seen when Elijah rests under one (1 Kings 19:4-5). The word is also used metaphorically to represent the bitterness and hardship of poverty, as in Job 30:4, where the destitute are reduced to eating its roots.

Biblical Usage

This noun occurs only four times in the Old Testament. Its usage consistently highlights themes of desolation and survival in harsh conditions. In 1 Kings 19:4-5, it provides the only available shelter for the prophet Elijah in his moment of despair. In Job 30:4, it symbolizes the rock-bottom sustenance of the impoverished. Finally, in Psalm 120:4, its 'coals' are used poetically as a metaphor for severe punishment, likely because its wood burns very hot.

Etymology

The word derives from the root רָתַם (ratham, H7573), which means 'to bind' or 'to yoke.' This likely refers to the plant's tough, flexible stems, which could be used for making ropes or bindings. The alternate form רֹתֶם (rotem) also appears. Cognates exist in other Semitic languages, like Arabic 'ratam,' confirming its identification as a specific desert shrub.

Semantic Range

While a specific plant, רֶתֶם carries theological weight as a symbol of God's provision in desolation. It marks the location where God sends an angel to minister to Elijah (1 Kings 19:5-7), transforming a place of despair into one of divine care. Its use in Job and Psalms connects it to human suffering and divine justice, reminding readers that God is present and active even in the most barren spiritual and physical landscapes. For ancient Israelites, the rethem shrub was a familiar part of the wilderness landscape. Its value was not in providing ample food or shade, but in being one of the few plants that could survive in extremely dry, rocky soil. Its roots were known to be bitter and only eaten in extreme famine, and its wood produced intense heat when burned. This practical understanding informs its biblical usage as a symbol of hardship and meager provision. אֶרֶז (erez, H730) — A tall cedar, symbolizing majesty and strength, contrasted with rethem's lowly, desert nature. סְנֶה (seneh, H5572) — The 'bush,' notably the burning bush; another desert shrub where God revealed Himself, while rethem is associated with human despair and divine sustenance.

Word Details