σελήνη

σελήνη

the moon

Definition

The Greek word σελήνη refers to the moon as a celestial body. In the New Testament, it consistently denotes the physical moon, often paired with the sun (ἥλιος) in descriptions of cosmic phenomena. Its primary usage is in eschatological contexts, where it signifies celestial disturbances signaling the end times, such as in Matthew 24:29, Mark 13:24, and Luke 21:25. In 1 Corinthians 15:41, Paul uses it to illustrate the varying glory of resurrected bodies, comparing the moon's distinct brightness to that of the sun and stars. The moon also appears in apocalyptic imagery in Revelation, notably in Revelation 12:1, where it is part of a celestial sign depicting a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet.

Biblical Usage

Σελήνη is used nine times in the New Testament, primarily in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) and Revelation. Its usage is almost exclusively prophetic or apocalyptic, describing celestial signs associated with the Day of the Lord or end-time events. For example, in Acts 2:20, Peter quotes Joel 2:31, foretelling the moon turning to blood. In Revelation, it appears in visions of cosmic upheaval (Revelation 6:12; 8:12). The sole non-apocalyptic use is in 1 Corinthians 15:41, where it serves a comparative, illustrative purpose about differing glories.

Etymology

Derived directly from the ancient Greek noun σελήνη (selēnē), meaning 'moon'. It is related to the Greek verb σέλας (selas), meaning 'brightness' or 'light', highlighting its luminous nature. The word is also the source of the English prefix 'seleno-', as in selenology (the study of the moon). In Greek mythology, Selene was the goddess of the moon, but the New Testament usage is strictly astronomical, devoid of mythological connotations.

Semantic Range

Σελήνη is theologically significant as a key element in biblical eschatology. Its darkening or alteration is a recurring sign of God's impending judgment and the coming of the Day of the Lord, as prophesied in the Old Testament (e.g., Joel 2:31) and reiterated by Jesus and the apostles. Understanding this Greek term reinforces that these celestial descriptions are not merely poetic but are presented as literal, ordained signs within God's redemptive timeline. In 1 Corinthians 15:41, it also contributes to the theology of resurrection, illustrating the principle of varied glory in the new creation. In the first-century Greco-Roman world, the moon was often associated with pagan deities (like Artemis/Diana or the goddess Selene) and astrology. The New Testament's use of σελήνη deliberately strips it of these associations, presenting it instead as a created object under God's sovereign control. Its behavior—darkening or turning to blood—directly challenges pagan views of celestial bodies as divine or immutable, asserting Yahweh's authority over all creation. This contrasts with modern, purely scientific understandings of the moon. φωστήρ (phōstēr, G5458) — a general term for a light-giving body or luminary, which can include the moon but also stars and planets.

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