שָׁבַר

שָׁבַר

to burst (literally or figuratively)

Definition

The Hebrew verb שָׁבַר (shâbar) fundamentally means 'to break, burst, or shatter.' It describes physical breaking, such as breaking a pot (Jeremiah 19:10) or the shattering of hail (Exodus 9:25). Figuratively, it extends to breaking covenants (Jeremiah 11:10), breaking one's spirit or heart (Psalm 69:20, 'brokenhearted'), and the breaking of military power (Isaiah 14:5). In a unique positive sense, it is used for the breaking forth of birth waters (Isaiah 66:9).

Biblical Usage

שָׁבַר is used 142 times across many Old Testament books, especially in narrative, prophetic, and poetic texts. It frequently describes God's acts of judgment in breaking nations, idols, and weapons (e.g., Exodus 32:19, breaking the tablets; Jeremiah 48:25). In the Psalms and Prophets, it powerfully conveys emotional and spiritual brokenness, as in Psalm 51:17, 'a broken and contrite heart.' The law uses it for practical matters like breaking an animal's leg (Exodus 22:10, 14).

Etymology

A primitive root, its core meaning is 'to burst' or 'break violently.' Cognates in other Semitic languages, like Akkadian 'šebēru,' carry similar meanings of breaking or crushing. It is distinct from the similar-sounding שָׂבַר (sâbar, H7663), meaning 'to hope' or 'wait,' though the KJV notes a rare scribal confusion.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures both divine judgment and human repentance. God is depicted as the one who breaks the power of evil (Psalm 2:9) and the pride of the wicked. Conversely, a 'broken heart' (Psalm 51:17) represents the humility God desires, a prerequisite for forgiveness and restoration. Understanding this range enriches reading, showing that biblical 'breaking' can be an act of God's justice or a pathway to his mercy. In an agrarian and pastoral society, breaking objects, tools, or bones had immediate economic and survival consequences, making the term visceral. The breaking of a clay pot (Jeremiah 19:10) was a powerful symbol of irreversible judgment. The concept of a 'broken spirit' would resonate in a culture valuing strength and honor, highlighting a profound state of vulnerability before God. פָּרַץ (pārats, H6555) — to break through, burst forth, often with a sense of forceful expansion. חָתַת (ḥāthath, H2865) — to be shattered or dismayed, focusing on the terror or fear from being broken. רָעַע (rāʿaʿ, H7489) — to break or shatter, but with a stronger connotation of doing evil or harm.

Word Details