ἀγενής

without family, ignoble

Definition

The adjective ἀγενής literally means 'without family' or 'without lineage,' describing someone of low birth or no distinguished ancestry. In its broader sense, it signifies what is 'ignoble,' 'base,' or 'despised' in the eyes of society. In the New Testament, this meaning is applied metaphorically by Paul in 1 Corinthians 1:28 to describe the people God chooses—those the world considers lowly and insignificant—to shame the wise and powerful.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in 1 Corinthians 1:28. Paul employs it in a list of contrasting terms to emphasize God's counter-cultural method of election. The context is his argument about the 'foolishness' of the cross, where God deliberately chooses what the world deems 'base' (ἀγενῆ) and 'despised' to accomplish his purposes, nullifying human pride.

Etymology

Derived from the alpha-privative prefix ἀ- (a-), meaning 'without' or 'not,' combined with the root related to 'genos' (γένος, G1085), meaning 'family,' 'offspring,' 'race,' or 'kind.' Thus, it literally denotes being 'without family' or 'without noble birth.' Its meaning developed from a literal social status to a broader concept of being lowly or contemptible.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it highlights a central theme of God's grace and sovereignty. In 1 Corinthians 1:28, it underscores the doctrine that God's power is perfected in human weakness and that his election often contradicts worldly standards of honor and status. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading of this passage by emphasizing the stark contrast between human valuation and divine choice, pointing to the upside-down nature of the kingdom of God.

In the Greco-Roman world, family lineage and noble birth (εὐγενής, eugenēs) were paramount for social status, honor, and privilege. To be 'ἀγενής' was to be at the bottom of the social hierarchy, lacking the respect and rights associated with a known and respected family. Paul's use directly challenges this cultural value system, asserting that God's criteria for choosing instruments for his work are radically different.

εὐκαταφρόνητος (eukataphronētos, G1848) — 'easily despised,' sharing the sense of being held in contempt but with a focus on the attitude of others. ταπεινός (tapeinos, G5011) — 'lowly, humble,' focusing on position or condition rather than specifically on birth. ἄδοξος (adoxos, G820) — 'without glory, inglorious,' lacking honor or reputation.

Word Details

Scripture References