ἀλάβαστρον

an alabaster phial or bottle

Definition

ἀλάβαστρον refers to a small, sealed container, typically made of alabaster stone, used to hold precious perfumed ointment. In the New Testament, it specifically denotes a flask or phial that was broken open to anoint someone, as seen in the accounts of Jesus being anointed by a woman in Bethany (Matthew 26:7, Mark 14:3) and by a sinful woman in Galilee (Luke 7:37). The term emphasizes the vessel's material and its function for storing costly, fragrant oil, which was often used in acts of honor, devotion, or preparation for burial.

Biblical Usage

This word appears three times in the Synoptic Gospels, each describing a woman anointing Jesus with expensive ointment from an alabaster flask. In Matthew 26:7 and Mark 14:3, the anointing occurs in Bethany shortly before Jesus' crucifixion, symbolizing preparation for burial. In Luke 7:37, a sinful woman anoints Jesus' feet in a Pharisee's house, demonstrating repentance and love. All uses highlight a sacrificial, honoring act involving a valuable substance stored in a breakable container.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek ἀλάβαστρος (alabastros), referring to alabaster, a fine, translucent stone often used for perfume vessels. The word may have earlier Egyptian origins, linked to a type of vase. In biblical usage, it came to denote the container itself, typically made of this material, designed to preserve precious ointments by being sealed until broken open for use.

Semantic Range

The ἀλάβαστρον is theologically significant as it symbolizes wholehearted devotion and sacrifice to Jesus. The breaking of the flask (Mark 14:3) represents an irreversible, costly offering, prefiguring Jesus' own body broken for humanity. It contrasts with Judas' criticism (Matthew 26:8-9), highlighting the value of worship over pragmatism. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by emphasizing the tangible, extravagant love displayed in these narratives, pointing to Jesus' worthiness of honor and his impending sacrificial death.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, alabaster flasks were prized for storing expensive perfumes and oils, as the stone helped preserve fragrance. These vessels were often sealed tightly and had to be broken to access the contents, making the act of anointing a deliberate, costly gesture. Such ointments were used in religious rituals, burial preparations, and hospitality, reflecting honor and devotion. The biblical accounts assume this cultural understanding, where breaking the flask signified a total, unreserved gift.

μύρον (myron, G3464) — refers specifically to the perfumed ointment or unguent itself, rather than the container. ἄγγος (angos, G30) — a general term for a vessel or container, not specific to perfume flasks.

Word Details

Scripture References