βρέφος

infant, babe

Definition

βρέφος (brephos) primarily refers to a very young child, specifically an infant, newborn, or even an unborn child. In the New Testament, it consistently denotes the earliest stages of human life, from the unborn John the Baptist leaping in Elizabeth's womb (Luke 1:41, 44) to the newborn Jesus lying in a manger (Luke 2:12, 16). The word extends to young children brought to Jesus (Luke 18:15) and metaphorically to new believers who crave spiritual nourishment (1 Peter 2:2). It also appears in a historical context referring to the infants killed by Pharaoh (Acts 7:19).

Biblical Usage

βρέφος is used eight times in the New Testament, predominantly in Luke's writings (five times in his Gospel) and in Acts. Luke uses it to highlight the vulnerability and significance of Jesus' infancy narrative and the prenatal witness of John the Baptist. The usage in 2 Timothy 3:15 refers to Timothy knowing the Scriptures from infancy, emphasizing early instruction. In 1 Peter 2:2, it is a powerful metaphor for the pure, initial desire for spiritual growth that new Christians should possess.

Etymology

The word βρέφος is of ancient Greek origin, with a root meaning related to the womb or something fed or nourished. It is a primary noun without a clear verbal root in common use. Cognates are rare, but it fundamentally carries the sense of the 'fruit of the womb,' connecting it intrinsically to the very beginning of life, both physically and, by metaphorical extension, spiritually.

Semantic Range

βρέφος is theologically significant as it underscores the full humanity and incarnation of Jesus Christ from the moment of his birth (Luke 2). It also affirms the personhood and value of the unborn (Luke 1:41, 44). Metaphorically in 1 Peter 2:2, it defines the ideal posture of a believer—completely dependent, eager, and growing through the 'pure spiritual milk' of God's word. This enriches reading by connecting physical birth and nurture to the spiritual new birth and discipleship.

In the Greco-Roman world, infants (βρέφος) had a high mortality rate and were sometimes viewed with less value than older children, a practice starkly contrasted in the biblical narratives where they are central figures of divine action and promise. The exposure of unwanted infants was a known practice, making the protection and celebration of the infants in the Gospel accounts culturally counter-cultural and highlighting the sacredness of life.

παιδίον (paidion, G3813) — a broader term for a young child, not necessarily an infant; νήπιος (nēpios, G3516) — often implies immaturity or childishness, sometimes used metaphorically for spiritual simplicity.

Word Details

Scripture References