χείρ

a hand

Definition

The Greek word χείρ (cheir) primarily means 'a hand' in the physical sense, referring to the human hand (Matthew 8:3, Mark 1:41). It is frequently used to denote human agency, action, or power, as in the phrase 'by the hand of' someone (Acts 5:12, Acts 7:25). In a more figurative sense, it can represent God's power, judgment, or deliverance, such as being delivered 'out of the hand' of enemies (Luke 1:71) or the image of Christ sitting at the 'right hand' of God, signifying authority and honor (Mark 16:19, Hebrews 10:12).

Biblical Usage

χείρ is used 171 times across the New Testament, appearing in all genres. It is common in narrative passages describing physical actions like healing (Matthew 8:15), touching (Matthew 9:18), and arrest (Matthew 26:50). It is also prominent in theological contexts, especially in Luke-Acts and the Epistles, to speak of divine power and human agency. A key pattern is its use in the idiom 'right hand' (δεξιὰ χείρ), which often carries connotations of honor, strength, and position (e.g., Matthew 25:33, Acts 2:33).

Etymology

Derived from the ancient Greek noun χείρ, meaning 'hand'. It is a primary word with a stable meaning, inherited from Proto-Indo-European roots related to grasping. Cognates appear in other languages (e.g., Latin 'hir', Sanskrit 'hasta'). Its meaning in Koine Greek remained consistent with classical usage, encompassing both the literal limb and its extended senses of power and action.

Semantic Range

χείρ is theologically significant as it bridges the human and divine. Human hands are instruments of both sin (Matthew 5:30) and blessing (Acts 6:6). Most importantly, references to God's 'hand' or 'right hand' are key anthropomorphisms that communicate His active power in creation, salvation, and judgment (Luke 1:66, Acts 4:28, 1 Peter 5:6). The position of Christ at the 'right hand of God' is a central confession denoting his supreme authority and completed work (Colossians 3:1, Hebrews 1:3). Understanding these nuances enriches readings of passages about God's sovereignty and Christ's exaltation.

In the ancient Mediterranean world, the hand was a powerful symbol. The right hand, in particular, was associated with honor, covenant-making, oaths, and strength. To sit at someone's right hand was to hold the position of greatest favor and shared authority. The laying on of hands was a culturally recognized act for blessing, commissioning, or healing (Mark 10:16, 1 Timothy 4:14). Grasping the concept of 'hand' as a symbol of personal power and presence is crucial for understanding these biblical actions and metaphors.

δεξιός (dexios, G1188) — Specifically means 'right' or 'right hand', emphasizing the side of honor and power. βραχίων (brachiōn, G1023) — Means 'arm', often used more specifically for God's mighty power in salvation (e.g., Luke 1:51, John 12:38). δάκτυλος (daktylos, G1147) — Means 'finger', a more specific part, sometimes used for God's direct action (e.g., Luke 11:20).

Word Details

Scripture References