χράομαι

I use, make use of, deal with

Definition

The Greek verb χράομαι (chraomai) fundamentally means 'to use' or 'to make use of' something. In the New Testament, it often carries the sense of actively employing or taking advantage of an opportunity, right, or object. For example, in 1 Corinthians 9:12 and 9:15, Paul discusses the right to 'make use of' material support from the churches, which he chooses to forgo. In other contexts, it describes practical handling, such as the sailors 'using' helps to undergird the ship in Acts 27:17, or showing kindness by 'using' someone well, as in Acts 27:3. It can also imply how one relates to or 'deals with' the world, as in 1 Corinthians 7:31.

Biblical Usage

This verb appears 11 times in the New Testament, primarily in the writings of Luke (Acts) and Paul. In Acts (27:3, 17), it is used in a literal, nautical context of using resources or techniques. Paul employs it in his letters to discuss the ethical use of Christian rights and freedoms, especially in 1 Corinthians (7:21, 31; 9:12, 15) regarding slavery, worldly systems, and apostolic support. In 2 Corinthians, it appears in arguments about Paul's travel plans (2 Corinthians 1:17) and his boldness in ministry (2 Corinthians 3:12). The usage consistently revolves around practical application and ethical choice.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek root χρη- (chrē-), related to χρή (chrē), meaning 'it is necessary' or 'ought.' It is connected to the noun χρῆσις (chrēsis), meaning 'use' or 'employment.' The verb implies a relationship of need or utility, where one employs something to serve a purpose. Cognates include χρεία (chreia, G5532) meaning 'need,' highlighting the word's connection to necessity and practical application.

Semantic Range

χράομαι is theologically significant as it frames Christian ethics regarding possessions, rights, and engagement with the world. Paul's discussion in 1 Corinthians 9 on forgoing the right to 'use' support underscores the principle of surrendering rights for the gospel's sake. In 1 Corinthians 7:31, it challenges believers on how they 'use' or relate to worldly systems, emphasizing a detached and purposeful stewardship. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting the active, often sacrificial, choices believers are called to make in their use of resources and freedoms.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of 'use' was tied to social obligations and patronage. To 'use' something or someone well (as in Acts 27:3) implied benefaction and proper treatment within social hierarchies. Paul's arguments in 1 Corinthians engage with cultural expectations about rights (exousia), where philosophers and teachers often debated the ethical use of privileges. His voluntary refusal to 'use' his apostolic rights would have been a counter-cultural demonstration of freedom and service.

χράομαι (chraomai, G5530) — general term for using or dealing with. ἐντέλλομαι (entellomai, G1781) — to command or order, focusing on authority rather than utilization. μεταχειρίζομαι (metacheirizomai, G3167) — to handle or manage, often with a sense of manipulation. ἀπολαύω (apolauō, G619) — to enjoy or derive benefit from, emphasizing pleasure or profit.

Word Details

Scripture References