δαπάνη

cost, expense

Definition

The Greek word δαπάνη (dapanē) primarily means 'cost' or 'expense,' referring to the financial outlay required for a specific undertaking. In its sole New Testament occurrence in Luke 14:28, it is used in the context of calculating the total cost of building a tower. More broadly in ancient Greek literature, the word could also imply lavish expenditure or consumption, carrying a sense of something being used up or spent. This single biblical usage focuses squarely on the concept of prudent financial calculation before committing to a project.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Luke 14:28. Jesus employs it in a parable about counting the cost of discipleship, asking, 'For which of you, desiring to build a tower, does not first sit down and count the cost (δαπάνην), whether he has enough to complete it?' Its usage is entirely metaphorical, moving from the literal cost of construction to the spiritual cost of following Christ. This singular, powerful usage establishes it as a term for serious, premeditated commitment.

Etymology

Derived from the verb δαπανάω (dapanaō), meaning 'to spend, to consume, or to waste.' The root conveys the idea of expenditure that diminishes resources. Cognates and related words in Greek often carry connotations of consumption, lavishness, or depletion. The noun form δαπάνη specifically crystallizes this action into the concept of the 'cost' or 'expense' itself.

Semantic Range

Though used only once, δαπάνη is theologically significant as it anchors Jesus' teaching on the cost of discipleship. It transforms a mundane term for financial calculation into a profound spiritual principle. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting that following Jesus is not an impulsive decision but requires sober assessment and full commitment, knowing that one's personal resources will be spent in the process. It relates directly to the doctrine of discipleship and self-denial.

In the 1st-century context, major construction projects like towers (for defense or viticulture) were significant financial undertakings for an individual or community. The 'cost' (δαπάνη) was not a trivial or abstract number but represented a substantial portion of one's wealth and security. Jesus' audience would have immediately understood the gravity of miscalculating such an expense, which makes the metaphor for discipleship so potent. The modern idea of 'cost' can be more abstract, but here it was concrete and potentially ruinous.

τιμή (timē, G5092) — often 'price' or 'value,' what is paid to acquire something, whereas δαπάνη is the expense incurred in an action. ὀψώνιον (opsōnion, G3800) — specifically 'wages' or 'rations' for soldiers, a type of expense or provision.

Word Details

Scripture References