δωρεά

a free gift

Definition

The Greek word δωρεά refers to a gift, but specifically emphasizes its free and unearned nature. It denotes something given freely, without expectation of payment or return, often highlighting the gracious character of the giver. In the New Testament, it most significantly describes the gift of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38, Acts 10:45) and the gift of salvation through Jesus Christ (Romans 5:15, 2 Corinthians 9:15). In John 4:10, Jesus speaks of the 'gift of God' as living water, tying the concept directly to divine grace.

Biblical Usage

This word is used 11 times in the New Testament, primarily in Luke's writings (Acts) and Paul's letters. Its usage consistently highlights divine generosity. In Acts, it is almost exclusively used for the gift of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38, 8:20, 10:45, 11:17). Paul employs it to describe the free gift of grace and righteousness in Christ, contrasting it with the trespass of Adam (Romans 5:15, 5:17). The final occurrence in 2 Corinthians 9:15 calls God's indescribable gift the ultimate motivation for thankfulness.

Etymology

Derived from the verb δίδωμι (didōmi, G1325), meaning 'to give.' The noun form δωρεά inherently carries the sense of a free giving. It is related to δῶρον (dōron, G1435), another word for gift, but δωρεά more strongly emphasizes the gratuitous nature of the gift, focusing on the giver's generosity rather than the object given.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically central, defining the nature of God's grace. It underscores that salvation and the Holy Spirit are not wages earned but are freely given by God (Romans 5:15-17). Understanding this Greek term enriches Bible reading by clarifying that these divine gifts are entirely unmerited, preventing any notion of human works-based righteousness. It highlights the foundational Christian doctrine of grace.

In the Greco-Roman world, gifts often created social obligations of reciprocity. A δωρεά, by its specific emphasis on being free, subverts this cultural expectation. When applied to God's gifts, it declares them to be truly free, with no debt incurred by the recipient, which was a counter-cultural and revolutionary concept.

δῶρον (dōron, G1435) — A more general term for a gift or offering, often used for temple sacrifices. χάρισμα (charisma, G5486) — A gift of grace, but with a stronger emphasis on the result or manifestation of grace, often a spiritual gift.

Word Details

Scripture References