ἑκών

willing, willingly

Definition

The adjective ἑκών (ekōn) fundamentally means 'willing' or 'voluntary,' describing an action undertaken by one's own choice and free will, without external compulsion. In Romans 8:20, it describes creation's subjection to futility as not being 'willing' but rather a state imposed upon it, highlighting a lack of choice. In 1 Corinthians 9:17, Paul uses it to contrast preaching the gospel willingly (which would bring a reward) versus being compelled to do so (which would simply fulfill a stewardship). The word consistently emphasizes the internal motivation and consent behind an action.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only twice in the New Testament, both times by the Apostle Paul. It appears in theological argumentation (Romans 8:20) and in personal, apostolic defense (1 Corinthians 9:17). In both contexts, it serves to sharply contrast a state of willing, voluntary action against a state of compulsion or necessity, making the distinction crucial to Paul's point.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb ἕκω (heko), meaning 'to have come' or 'to be present,' the adjective ἑκών developed the sense of being present by one's own will, hence 'willing.' It is related to the noun ἑκούσιος (hekousios, G1595), meaning 'voluntary,' and stands in direct opposition to concepts of force or necessity (ἀνάγκη, anankē).

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it touches on the concepts of human and divine will, freedom, and responsibility. In Romans 8:20, it underscores that creation's corrupted state is not its original, chosen destiny but a consequence of human sin, pointing toward hope for future liberation. In 1 Corinthians 9:17, it illuminates Paul's understanding of his apostolic calling—not as a burdensome duty but as a joyful, willing service, which has implications for understanding Christian ministry and reward. Grasping this nuance enriches reading by highlighting the importance of motive and heart attitude in God's economy.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of voluntary action was important in philosophy, law, and ethics, distinguishing noble acts done by choice from those done under coercion. Paul's use aligns with this cultural understanding, using a term his audience would recognize as describing genuine, internal consent.

ἑκούσιος (hekousios, G1595) — More specifically 'voluntary,' often used in contexts of freewill offerings. θέλω (thelō, G2309) — A more common verb for 'to wish' or 'to desire,' focusing on the desire itself rather than the voluntary nature of the consequent action.

Word Details

Scripture References