ἐλαττονέω

I have less, lack

Definition

The verb ἐλαττονέω (elattoneō) means 'to have less' or 'to lack.' It conveys the idea of being in a state of deficiency or shortage compared to a standard or another's condition. In its single New Testament occurrence, it is used in the context of material provision, specifically referencing the gathering of manna in the wilderness. The word implies a comparative lack, not necessarily absolute destitution, and is tied to the principle of equitable distribution.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in 2 Corinthians 8:15. Here, Paul quotes Exodus 16:18 regarding the manna, stating, 'The one who gathered much did not have too much, and the one who gathered little did not have too little (οὐκ ἐλαττόνησεν).' Its usage is entirely within a discussion about Christian generosity and the equality of giving within the community, applying an Old Testament narrative to New Testament ethics.

Etymology

Derived from the adjective ἐλάττων (elattōn), meaning 'less' or 'smaller.' It is a comparative form related to the root that gives us the English word 'less.' The verb form directly means 'to be less' or 'to make less,' focusing on the state or action of having a deficiency.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it anchors the Christian ethic of economic equality and mutual care within the church. By referencing the manna story, Paul (2 Corinthians 8:15) teaches that God's provision is designed to create sufficiency for all, preventing both excess and lack. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading of 2 Corinthians 8-9 by highlighting that generosity is not merely charity but a participation in God's distributive justice, ensuring no member of the body of Christ 'lacks' while others have abundance.

In the Greco-Roman world, significant economic disparity was the norm. Paul's use of a term about 'lacking' and his appeal to the wilderness manna narrative would challenge the cultural acceptance of inequality. The manna story from Exodus represented God's direct, equalizing provision for His people, a concept that stood in contrast to the patron-client systems and wealth accumulation common in first-century society.

ὑστερέω (hystereō, G5302) — a more general term for 'to lack' or 'be in need,' often used for spiritual or material deficiency. λείπω (leipō, G3007) — means 'to leave' or 'to be lacking,' sometimes in a more absolute sense. πτωχεύω (ptōcheuō, G4433) — means 'to be poor' or 'become a beggar,' emphasizing extreme poverty rather than comparative lack.

Word Details

Scripture References