עֵלָּא
above
Definition
The Aramaic noun עֵלָּא (ʻêllâʼ) means 'above' or 'over,' denoting a position of superior height or authority. In its sole biblical occurrence, it is used to describe the administrative hierarchy established by King Darius, where 120 satraps were placed 'over' the kingdom (Daniel 6:2). This usage carries a spatial sense of being physically higher or superior in rank. As an Aramaic term, it functions similarly to its Hebrew cognate, emphasizing a relational position of oversight and governance.
Biblical Usage
This word appears only once in the Old Testament, in the Aramaic portion of the book of Daniel. It is used in a political and administrative context to describe the authority structure King Darius implemented. Specifically, it denotes the supervisory role of the 120 satraps who were set 'over' the entire kingdom, indicating a chain of command and responsibility (Daniel 6:2).
Etymology
Derived from the Aramaic root, related to the Hebrew preposition עַל (ʻal, H5922), meaning 'upon, over, above.' The form עֵלָּא is the Aramaic equivalent, functioning as an adverb or noun to indicate a position of elevation or superiority. It shares a common Semitic root concept with Hebrew, emphasizing spatial and hierarchical relationships.
Semantic Range
Though used only once, this word contributes to the theme of divine sovereignty and human authority in the book of Daniel. The administrative 'over'-lords established by Darius ultimately answer to God's supreme authority. Understanding this term highlights the biblical view that all earthly hierarchies are subordinate to God's ultimate rule, a key theme in Daniel's narratives of kings and kingdoms.
In the context of the Persian Empire, the term reflects the imperial administrative structure. Satraps were provincial governors, and placing officials 'over' the kingdom was a standard practice for managing a vast empire. This cultural context of delegated authority and oversight is essential for understanding the political dynamics in Daniel 6.
עַל (ʻal, H5922) — The Hebrew preposition meaning 'upon, over, above,' used extensively throughout the Old Testament in both spatial and relational senses.
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
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