ἐμπνέω

I breathe, breathe into, inhale

Definition

The Greek verb ἐμπνέω (empneō) means 'to breathe' or 'to breathe into/inhale.' In its single New Testament occurrence, it describes Saul's intense emotional state as he 'breathed out' threats and murder against the disciples of the Lord (Acts 9:1). This usage carries a metaphorical sense of emitting or expressing something with great force, akin to breathing out hostility. While the literal sense of physical breathing is possible, the biblical context emphasizes a figurative expression of inner passion and intent.

Biblical Usage

ἐμπνέω is used only once in the New Testament, in Acts 9:1, describing Saul's (Paul's) vehement opposition to the early church before his conversion. The context is one of persecution, where the word vividly portrays Saul's active, passionate hostility, 'breathing out' threats as if they were his very breath. This singular usage is highly descriptive and dramatic, setting the stage for the transformative encounter that follows in Acts 9.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἐν (en, 'in') and the verb πνέω (pneō, 'to blow, breathe'). The compound form ἐμπνέω literally means 'to breathe in' or 'to breathe into,' but it can also mean 'to breathe out' or 'emit,' depending on context. It is related to the important noun πνεῦμα (pneuma, G4151), meaning 'spirit, breath, wind.'

Semantic Range

Though used only once, ἐμπνέω is theologically significant as it paints a stark picture of human hostility toward God's people, immediately contrasted by divine intervention in Saul's conversion. It highlights the transformative power of grace, showing the 'breath' of murderous intent being replaced by the Holy Spirit (πνεῦμα). Understanding this vivid metaphor enriches the reading of Acts 9 by emphasizing the totality of Saul's former life and the dramatic nature of his calling.

In the ancient Greek world, breath (πνοή) was closely associated with life, spirit, and emotion. The metaphor of 'breathing out' threats would have been a powerful image, suggesting that hostility was as natural and essential to Saul as breathing itself. This differs from a modern, more clinical understanding of breath, connecting it directly to the core of a person's being and intent.

πνέω (pneō, G4154) — The simpler root verb meaning 'to blow, breathe,' often used for wind. ἐκπνέω (ekpneō, G1606) — Means 'to breathe out, expire, die'; a stronger term for the final breath.

Word Details

Scripture References