ἐπακούω

I listen to, hear favorably

Definition

The verb ἐπακούω means to listen attentively, to give heed, or to hear favorably with the intent to respond. It implies a focused, receptive hearing that often results in action or acceptance, going beyond mere auditory perception. In its single New Testament occurrence (2 Corinthians 6:2), it carries the sense of hearing and responding favorably to a divine appeal or offer. The word can also imply listening to a request or plea, suggesting a gracious or compliant hearing.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in 2 Corinthians 6:2, where Paul quotes Isaiah 49:8: 'In a time of favor I have listened to you (ἐπήκουσά σου).' Here, it describes God's favorable and effective response to the Messiah (or His people) at the appointed time of salvation. The context is Paul's urgent appeal for the Corinthians to be reconciled to God, emphasizing that the present moment is the 'day of salvation' when God hears and acts.

Etymology

ἐπακούω is a compound verb formed from the preposition ἐπί (epi, 'upon,' 'to') and the verb ἀκούω (akouō, 'to hear'). The prefix ἐπί intensifies or directs the action, giving the sense of 'hearing with attention,' 'hearing with favor,' or 'listening to' someone or something. It shares its root with common words for hearing and obedience (ἀκοή, ὑπακούω), emphasizing the responsive aspect of listening.

Semantic Range

Though used only once, this word is theologically significant as it captures the character of God's responsive grace in salvation. In 2 Corinthians 6:2, it underscores that God not only hears but actively answers and fulfills His promises in Christ. Understanding this Greek term enriches the reading of Paul's appeal by highlighting that the 'acceptable time' is defined by God's favorable hearing and decisive action, inviting believers to respond to His grace without delay.

In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of a deity 'listening favorably' to petitions was common in religious and imperial contexts. However, the biblical usage, rooted in the Septuagint (the Greek Old Testament), frames it within the covenant relationship, where God's favorable hearing is an act of faithfulness to His promises, not a capricious response. This distinguishes it from pagan notions of appeasing the gods.

ἀκούω (akouō, G191) — the basic verb for hearing, without the connotation of favorable response; ὑπακούω (hypakouō, G5219) — to obey, to listen submissively; εἰσακούω (eisakouō, G1522) — to listen to, to heed, often used of God hearing prayer.

Word Details

Scripture References