ἐπενδύτης

a coat, outer wrap

Definition

The word ἐπενδύτης refers to an outer garment, specifically a coat or tunic worn over other clothing. In its single New Testament occurrence, it describes the outer wrap or coat that Peter put on over his tunic before jumping into the sea (John 21:7). This suggests it was a heavier, perhaps more formal or complete, outer layer used for warmth or modesty. Unlike the basic χιτών (tunic), the ἐπενδύτης was an additional garment, indicating a deliberate act of preparation.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in John 21:7. The context is the post-resurrection appearance of Jesus by the Sea of Galilee. Upon recognizing the Lord, Peter, who was fishing naked (or more likely, stripped down to his undergarment for work), puts on his ἐπενδύτης before diving into the water to swim to shore. This single usage highlights a garment associated with readiness and propriety when approaching a significant encounter.

Etymology

Derived from the verb ἐπενδύω (ependyō), meaning 'to put on over' or 'to clothe oneself additionally.' It is a compound word: the preposition ἐπί (epi, 'upon') combined with ἐνδύω (endyō, 'to put on, clothe'). Thus, an ἐπενδύτης is literally 'that which is put on over' something else, perfectly describing an outer garment worn over an inner tunic.

Semantic Range

While a simple garment, its use in John 21:7 carries symbolic weight. Peter's act of putting on the coat before swimming to Jesus can be seen as an instinctive gesture of reverence and preparation to meet the risen Lord. It contrasts his earlier impulsive actions (e.g., cutting off a servant's ear) with a moment of deliberate, almost liturgical, readiness. This subtle detail enriches the narrative, hinting at Peter's restored relationship with Jesus and a new sense of propriety and devotion.

In the Greco-Roman world, a working fisherman like Peter would typically wear a simple tunic (χιτών) while laboring. To work unencumbered, he might strip down to a loincloth. The ἐπενδύτης was likely a heavier woolen coat or cloak used for warmth, travel, or as a more complete covering for public appearance. Putting it on to greet someone, especially a respected figure, was a sign of honor and social propriety, marking a transition from work to a formal encounter.

χιτών (chitōn, G5509) — the basic inner tunic or undergarment, worn next to the skin. ἱμάτιον (himation, G2440) — a general term for an outer garment, cloak, or robe, often larger and used as a blanket. στολή (stolē, G4749) — a long, formal robe or garment of dignity, often associated with honor or office.

Word Details

Scripture References