ἐπισκιάζω

I overshadow, envelop

Definition

The verb ἐπισκιάζω means to cast a shadow over, overshadow, or envelop. In its literal sense, it describes a cloud physically overshadowing people, as when a cloud enveloped the disciples at the Transfiguration (Luke 9:34). Its most profound usage is metaphorical, describing the divine power and presence of God coming upon someone. In Luke 1:35, the angel tells Mary that 'the power of the Most High will overshadow you,' signifying the Holy Spirit's creative and protective presence in the conception of Jesus. In Acts 5:15, it describes Peter's shadow falling on the sick, implying a channel for God's healing power.

Biblical Usage

This word is used five times in the New Testament, primarily in narrative contexts describing a powerful divine manifestation. It appears in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 17:5, Mark 9:7, Luke 9:34) for the cloud at the Transfiguration, and in Luke's writings (Luke 1:35, Acts 5:15) for the Holy Spirit's action and apostolic healing. The pattern shows it is reserved for moments where God's tangible presence or power interacts with the physical world.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἐπί (epi, meaning 'upon' or 'over') and the verb σκιάζω (skiazō, meaning 'to shade' or 'to cast a shadow'). The compound form intensifies the sense of something settling over or enveloping from above. It shares a root with σκιά (skia, G4639), meaning 'shadow.'

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it connects key moments of divine revelation and incarnation. In Luke 1:35, it describes the mechanism of the Virgin Birth, emphasizing God's initiative and the Holy Spirit's role in bringing the divine into the human realm. At the Transfiguration (Matthew 17:5, etc.), it marks the cloud of God's glorious presence affirming Jesus's identity. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by highlighting how God's power 'overshadows' to create, reveal, and heal, conveying both protection and profound mystery.

In the Septuagint (the Greek Old Testament), the same verb is used for the cloud of God's presence (Shekinah) overshadowing the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:35). This background would have informed New Testament readers, linking events like the Transfiguration and Annunciation directly to God's dwelling with His people in the wilderness. The concept carried connotations of divine protection, presence, and hidden majesty.

κατασκηνόω (kataskēnoō, G2681) — to dwell or tent upon; emphasizes abiding presence rather than a temporary overshadowing. σκηνόω (skēnoō, G4637) — to dwell or tabernacle; focuses on God taking up residence (John 1:14).

Word Details

Scripture References