ἐπιτιμάω

I rebuke, chide, admonish, warn

Definition

The verb ἐπιτιμάω means to rebuke, admonish, or sternly warn. It often carries the sense of a forceful, authoritative correction intended to restrain or silence someone or something, as when Jesus rebukes demons (Mark 1:25) or a storm (Matthew 8:26). In other contexts, it denotes a strong verbal reprimand given to people, such as when Jesus rebukes his disciples for their lack of faith or misunderstanding (Matthew 16:22). It can also involve commanding someone to be quiet, as seen when onlookers try to silence blind beggars (Matthew 20:31).

Biblical Usage

ἐπιτιμάω is used 29 times in the New Testament, primarily in the Gospels and once in Jude. It frequently appears in narratives of Jesus's miracles, where he authoritatively rebukes unclean spirits, fevers, and natural forces, demonstrating his divine authority (Mark 1:25, Luke 4:41, Matthew 8:26). The word is also used in interpersonal conflicts, such as Peter rebuking Jesus (Matthew 16:22) or the crowd rebuking those seeking Jesus's attention (Matthew 19:13). Its sole non-Gospel use is in Jude 1:9, where Michael the archangel rebukes the devil.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἐπί (epi, meaning 'upon' or 'over') and the verb τιμάω (timaō, meaning 'to honor' or 'to value'). The compound form suggests the act of placing value or honor upon someone in a corrective sense—hence, to exercise authority in censure or rebuke. The root idea involves a weighty or authoritative word meant to correct.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it highlights Jesus's unique authority over the spiritual and physical realms. His rebukes are not mere scoldings but demonstrations of divine power that silence chaos (storms) and evil (demons), affirming his identity as the Messiah and Son of God. Understanding this term enriches reading by showing that biblical rebuke is often an act of authoritative correction rooted in power and purpose, not just anger.

In the Greco-Roman world, rebuke was a recognized form of moral instruction and social control, often from a superior to an inferior. In Jewish context, rebuke could be a religious duty (Leviticus 19:17). Jesus's use of rebuke, especially toward natural forces and demons, would have been striking, as it displayed an authority that transcended normal human or rabbinic power, aligning with Old Testament portrayals of God's commanding word (e.g., Psalm 106:9).

ἐλέγχω (elenchō, G1651) — focuses on convicting or proving wrong, often with evidence. νουθετέω (noutheteō, G3560) — emphasizes admonition or warning for instruction, with a more didactic tone.

Word Details

Scripture References