ἔπος

a word, so to speak

Definition

ἔπος is a noun meaning 'a word,' 'a saying,' or 'an utterance.' In classical Greek, it often referred to a spoken word, a line of poetry, or a proverb. In the New Testament, its single occurrence in Hebrews 7:9 uses it in the phrase 'so to speak' (ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν), functioning as a rhetorical device to soften a metaphorical statement. This idiomatic usage indicates the author is speaking figuratively or making a concession for the sake of argument. Unlike more common words for 'word' like λόγος (logos), which can imply reason or message, ἔπος here emphasizes the simple act of verbal expression within a specific turn of phrase.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Hebrews 7:9. Its usage is idiomatic and rhetorical, not theological. The author employs the phrase 'so to speak' (ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν) to introduce the idea that Levi, through his ancestor Abraham, 'paid tithes' to Melchizedek. This phrasing acknowledges the metaphorical and illustrative nature of the argument, showing care in presenting a complex typological point.

Etymology

Derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wekʷ- ('to speak'), which is also the source of the Latin vox ('voice') and the English 'voice.' In ancient Greek, ἔπος was a fundamental term for a word, especially in epic poetry (e.g., the works of Homer were called ἔπη). Its meaning developed from a simple 'utterance' to include poetic lines and proverbial sayings.

Semantic Range

While the word itself is not theologically loaded, its single biblical usage is significant for hermeneutics. In Hebrews 7:9, the phrase 'so to speak' models a careful, nuanced approach to interpreting Old Testament narratives and typology. It reminds readers that the author is using analogical language to explain Christ's superior priesthood, encouraging a thoughtful engagement with the text rather than a overly literal reading.

In ancient Greek culture, ἔπος was deeply associated with the oral tradition, particularly the recited epic poetry of Homer and Hesiod. A collection of such verses was called ἔπη. The New Testament's use of the idiomatic phrase 'ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν' was a common rhetorical flourish in Greek writing, used to qualify a statement as approximate or figurative. This reflects the author of Hebrews' educated Greek style and his engagement with Hellenistic literary conventions.

λόγος (logos, G3056) — a word, message, or principle, often with deeper meaning or reason. ῥῆμα (rhēma, G4487) — a spoken word, utterance, or matter, often with a focus on its spoken delivery.

Word Details

Scripture References