ἐρίφιον

a goat, kid

Definition

ἐρίφιον specifically refers to a young goat or kid, distinct from an adult goat (τράγος). In the New Testament, it appears only in Matthew 25:33, where Jesus uses it metaphorically in the parable of the sheep and the goats. Here, the 'goats' (ἐρίφια) represent those separated for judgment, contrasted with the 'sheep' (πρόβατα). The word carries no inherent negative moral connotation in itself; its symbolic meaning of separation and judgment is derived entirely from the parable's context.

Biblical Usage

This word is used only once in the New Testament, in Matthew 25:33. Its usage is entirely metaphorical and parabolic. Jesus employs it to create a vivid, pastoral image of final judgment, separating two groups as a shepherd separates sheep from goats. The choice of a young goat (kid) may emphasize vulnerability or the common practice of mingling flocks, making the separation a deliberate, intentional act by the shepherd (the Son of Man).

Etymology

Derived from the noun ἔριφος (eriphos), meaning a young goat or kid. It is a diminutive form, which typically indicates a smaller or younger version of the base noun. The root is ancient Greek, related to herding and pastoral life. The diminutive form used in Matthew 25:33 (ἐρίφιον) may subtly convey the idea of the goats being part of a mixed flock under care, rather than emphasizing them as fully independent, mature animals.

Semantic Range

This word is central to the powerful eschatological imagery in Jesus's parable of the final judgment (Matthew 25:31-46). Understanding it as a 'young goat' or 'kid' enriches the reading by highlighting the pastoral scene: sheep and goats were often kept together, making their separation a surprising and decisive act. Theologically, the 'goats' symbolize those who, through neglect of 'the least of these,' reveal a heart not aligned with Christ's kingdom. The parable underscores that final judgment is based on practical, loving service to others, equated with service to Christ Himself.

In first-century Palestinian agriculture, sheep and goats were frequently herded together during the day but separated at night. Goats required different shelter as they were more susceptible to cold. The separation was a normal, daily task for a shepherd. Jesus's audience would instantly recognize this imagery. The goat (kid) itself was a common source of meat, milk, and leather, but in this context, its cultural meaning is defined by its distinction from sheep within a mixed flock and the act of separation for different treatment.

ἔριφος (eriphos, G2056) — The base word, also meaning a young goat or kid; the diminutive ἐρίφιον is used in Matthew. τράγος (tragos, G5131) — Typically refers to a male goat or he-goat, often used in sacrificial contexts (Hebrews 9:12-13, 10:4). αἴξ (aix, G100) — A general term for a goat, used in the plural (αἶγες) in Matthew 25:32-33 alongside πρόβατα (sheep) before the specific separation into ἐρίφια.

Word Details

Scripture References