ἔξεστιν

it is permitted, lawful, possible

Definition

The Greek word ἔξεστιν is an impersonal verb meaning 'it is permitted,' 'it is lawful,' or 'it is possible.' It primarily denotes what is allowed according to divine or human law, as seen in debates about Sabbath activities (Matthew 12:2, 12:10). In some contexts, it shifts to mean 'it is possible' or 'it is in one's power,' as when Jesus asks if it is possible to avoid the cup of suffering (Matthew 26:42, though using a related form). The term often appears in legal or ethical discussions, questioning the boundaries of righteousness.

Biblical Usage

ἔξεστιν is used 30 times in the New Testament, predominantly in the Gospels (especially Matthew and Mark) and Acts. It frequently introduces questions about the legality of an action under Mosaic Law or Roman rule, such as paying taxes to Caesar (Matthew 22:17) or healing on the Sabbath (Matthew 12:10). The word sets up contrasts between human tradition and divine intent, highlighting Jesus' authority to reinterpret law. Its usage declines in the epistles, reflecting its role in narrative disputes.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition ἐξ (ex, meaning 'out of') and the verb εἰμί (eimi, 'to be'), specifically its third-person singular form ἐστίν (estin, 'it is'). Literally, it means 'it is out of' or 'it is from,' evolving to signify what is permissible or possible based on an external standard (e.g., law or authority). This compound emphasizes derivation from a source of permission.

Semantic Range

ἔξεστιν is theologically significant as it frames key conflicts between Jesus and religious leaders over the interpretation of God's law. It touches on themes of legalism versus grace, the authority of Christ, and the true intent of commandments. Understanding this term enriches reading by revealing how Jesus redefines 'what is lawful' around love and mercy, as in Matthew 12:12, where he declares it lawful to do good on the Sabbath.

In first-century Jewish culture, 'what is lawful' was central to religious life, governed by Torah and oral traditions. ἔξεστιν often appears in rabbinic-style debates, where Jesus' responses challenge strict legal interpretations. The word also reflects Roman cultural influence, as in questions about civic duties (e.g., Matthew 22:17). Its usage shows a society navigating multiple layers of law—divine, Jewish, and imperial.

δύναμαι (dynamai, G1410) — focuses on ability or power rather than legal permission; θέμις (themis) — a poetic term for divine law, rarely used in the NT; καθήκω (kathēkō, G2520) — means 'it is fitting' or proper, emphasizing suitability over legality.

Word Details

Scripture References