γάμος

a marriage, wedding, wedding-feast

Definition

The Greek word γάμος (gamos) primarily refers to a marriage or wedding ceremony, as seen in Matthew 22:2 where a king prepares a 'wedding feast' for his son. In the plural form, it often denotes the wedding celebration or feast itself, encompassing the festivities that follow the ceremony, such as in Matthew 22:3-10 where guests are invited to the 'wedding.' It can also signify the state of marriage as an institution, as implied in passages discussing marital relationships (e.g., Hebrews 13:4). The term captures both the legal union and the joyous communal event that accompanies it.

Biblical Usage

Γάμος appears 16 times in the New Testament, predominantly in the Gospels, especially in Matthew's parable of the wedding feast (Matthew 22:2-12). It is also used in Revelation 19:7, 9 to symbolize the 'marriage supper of the Lamb,' depicting Christ's union with the church. Other occurrences include discussions on marriage in Luke 14:8 and John 2:1-2 (the wedding at Cana). The usage patterns highlight both literal weddings and metaphorical applications for divine relationships.

Etymology

Derived from the Greek verb γαμέω (gameō, G1060), meaning 'to marry,' γάμος is a native Greek term with Indo-European roots related to marriage. It is cognate with words in other languages, such as the Latin 'genus' (birth, race), reflecting an ancient link between marriage and procreation. In Greek, it evolved to encompass both the ceremony and the celebratory feast.

Semantic Range

Γάμος is theologically significant as it illustrates key biblical themes. In Jesus' parables (e.g., Matthew 22:1-14), it symbolizes God's kingdom and the invitation to salvation, emphasizing grace and readiness. In Revelation 19:7-9, it portrays the eschatological union of Christ and the church, underscoring redemption and covenantal love. Understanding this Greek term enriches reading by revealing how marriage metaphors convey divine relationships and eschatological hope.

In first-century Jewish and Greco-Roman culture, a γάμος was a multi-day celebration involving the entire community, not just a private ceremony. It included a feast symbolizing joy, covenant, and social unity. Invitations were highly significant, and refusing one was a grave insult, as seen in Matthew 22:3-5. This context clarifies Jesus' parables, where the wedding feast represents God's generous, yet demanding, invitation to His kingdom.

γάμησις (gamēsis, G1061) — a less common synonym for marriage or wedding, emphasizing the act of marrying. νυμφίος (nymphios, G3566) — refers specifically to the bridegroom, highlighting his role in the wedding. νύμφη ( nymphē, G3565) — denotes the bride, focusing on her part in the union.

Word Details

Scripture References