καταχέω

I pour over

Definition

The verb καταχέω means to pour out or pour down upon something, often with a sense of abundance or complete coverage. In its two New Testament occurrences, it describes the act of pouring a valuable liquid—specifically, perfume or ointment—over a person's head. This action is not a light sprinkling but a generous, even lavish, outpouring, as seen in the accounts of a woman anointing Jesus in Matthew 26:7 and Mark 14:3. The prefix κατά (kata) intensifies the root verb for pouring, emphasizing the downward motion and the thoroughness of the act.

Biblical Usage

This word is used exclusively in the Synoptic Gospels to describe the same event: a woman's anointing of Jesus at Bethany. In both Matthew 26:7 and Mark 14:3, it describes her act of breaking an alabaster flask and pouring the expensive ointment over Jesus's head. The usage is identical in both passages, highlighting a singular, memorable act of devotion and honor performed just before his crucifixion.

Etymology

Derived from the preposition κατά (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against,' combined with the verb χέω (cheō), meaning 'I pour.' The compound verb thus literally means 'to pour down upon.' It conveys a stronger, more directed action than the simple verb χέω, emphasizing the downward flow and the resulting coverage of the object.

Semantic Range

This word is theologically significant as it captures a profound act of worship and prophetic anointing. The lavish, unreserved pouring of the perfume prefigures Jesus's impending death and burial (Mark 14:8). It symbolizes total devotion, sacrifice, and the honoring of Jesus as the Messiah (the 'Anointed One'). Understanding the force of καταχέω—a generous outpouring, not a mere application—deepens appreciation for the woman's extravagant love and its Christological significance.

In the ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman world, anointing with oil or perfume was a common practice for honoring guests, consecrating priests or kings, and preparing bodies for burial. Pouring a very expensive perfume, worth a year's wages, was an act of extreme honor and sacrifice. The use of καταχέω emphasizes the public, generous, and even shocking nature of this gesture, which contrasts with the disciples' more pragmatic (and critical) viewpoint.

χρίω (chriō, G5548) — to anoint by rubbing or smearing on, often used for ceremonial or messianic anointing. ἀλείφω (aleiphō, G218) — to anoint or rub with oil, commonly for medicinal, hygienic, or refreshing purposes.

Word Details

Scripture References