כֶּבֶל
a fetter
Definition
The Hebrew noun כֶּבֶל (kebel) refers to a fetter or shackle, specifically a chain or binding used to restrain a prisoner's feet. In its two biblical occurrences, it describes literal physical restraints placed on captives. In Psalm 105:18, it denotes the iron fetters placed on Joseph when he was imprisoned in Egypt, emphasizing his humiliation and bondage. In Psalm 149:8, the word is used metaphorically, describing the binding of kings with fetters as an image of divinely executed judgment and subjugation.
Biblical Usage
This word is used only twice in the Old Testament, both times in the Psalms. Its usage is consistent, referring to restraints for prisoners. In Psalm 105:18, it describes a historical, literal instance of imprisonment (Joseph). In Psalm 149:8, it is used in a prophetic, metaphorical context for executing judgment. There is no variation in its core meaning across these uses.
Etymology
Derived from an unused Hebrew root likely meaning 'to bind' or 'to twine together,' suggesting the interlacing of chains or cords. It is related to the concept of binding or fettering. Cognates in other Semitic languages support the meaning of a bond or chain.
Semantic Range
Though a simple noun, כֶּבֶל carries theological weight in its contexts. In Psalm 105, Joseph's fetters are part of God's sovereign plan to preserve Israel, showing how God uses even humiliation for redemption. In Psalm 149:8, fetters symbolize God's ultimate justice and the subjugation of evil, connecting to themes of divine judgment and the victory of God's people. Understanding this concrete image enriches the metaphorical application of bondage and liberation in Scripture.
In the ancient Near East, fetters were typically made of bronze or iron and were used to shackle the ankles of high-status prisoners of war or criminals, publicly displaying their defeat and restricting movement. This practice was common in Egyptian, Assyrian, and Babylonian societies. The image would have been immediately understood as a sign of complete captivity and powerlessness.
אֲסוּרִים ('asurim, H631) — a more general term for bonds or bindings. מוֹסֵר (moser, H4147) — a bond or band, often used figuratively for affliction or discipline. עֲנָק ('anaq, H6059) — a necklace or chain, often for adornment, not typically for restraint.
Word Details
How this works
Hebrew definitions are from Brown-Driver-Briggs (1906) and Strong's Exhaustive Concordance (1890), both public domain. BDB was groundbreaking for its era but reflects 19th-century assumptions about Semitic etymology. Modern scholarship (HALOT, DCH) has revised many entries. Use these definitions as a starting point for exploration, not as the final word on a term's meaning in context.
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